Events Pre-1600 49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the beginning of his own, the Xin dynasty. 69 – Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus is appointed by Galba as deputy Roman Emperor. 236 – Pope Fabian succeeds Anterus to become the twentieth pope of Rome. 1072 – Robert Guiscard conquers Palermo in Sicily for the Normans. 1430 – Philip the Good, the Duke of Burgundy, establishes the Order of the Golden Fleece, the most prestigious, exclusive, and expensive order of chivalry in the world. 1475 – Stephen III of Moldavia defeats the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vaslui.
1601–1900 1645 – Archbishop William Laud is beheaded for treason at the Tower of London. 1776 – American Revolution: Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet Common Sense. 1791 – The Siege of Dunlap's Station begins near Cincinnati during the Northwest Indian War. 1812 – The first steamboat on the Ohio River or the Mississippi River arrives in New Orleans, 82 days after departing from Pittsburgh. 1861 – American Civil War: Florida becomes the third state to secede from the Union. 1863 – The Metropolitan Railway, the world's oldest underground railway, opens between Paddington and Farringdon, marking the beginning of the London Underground. 1870 – John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil. 1876 – The Plan of Tuxtepec is announced.
1901–present 1901 – The first great Texas oil gusher is discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas.; 1901 – New York: Automobile Club of America installs signs on major highways. 1916 – World War I: Imperial Russia begins the Erzurum Offensive, leading to the defeat of the Ottoman Empire Third Army. 1917 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: Seven survivors of the Ross Sea party are rescued after being stranded for several months. 1920 – The Treaty of Versailles takes effect, officially ending World War I for all combatant nations except the United States. 1920 – League of Nations Covenant automatically enters into force after the Treaty of Versailles is ratified by Germany. 1927 – Fritz Lang's futuristic film Metropolis is released in Germany. 1941 – World War II: The Greek army captures Kleisoura. 1946 – The first General Assembly of the United Nations assembles in the Methodist Central Hall, Westminster. Fifty-one nations are represented. 1946 – The United States Army Signal Corps successfully conducts Project Diana, bouncing radio waves off the Moon and receiving the reflected signals. 1954 – BOAC Flight 781, a de Havilland DH.106 Comet 1, explodes and falls into the Tyrrhenian Sea, killing 35 people. 1966 – Tashkent Declaration, a peace agreement between India and Pakistan signed that resolved the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. 1972 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returns to the newly independent Bangladesh as president after spending over nine months in prison in Pakistan. 1980 – The New England Journal of Medicine publishes the letter Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics, which is later misused to downplay the general risk of addiction to opioids. 1981 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensive, gaining control of most of Morazán and Chalatenango departments. 1984 – Holy See–United States relations: The United States and Holy See (Vatican City) re-establish full diplomatic relations after almost 117 years, overturning the United States Congress's 1867 ban on public funding for such a diplomatic envoy. 1985 – Sandinista Daniel Ortega becomes president of Nicaragua and vows to continue the transformation to socialism and alliance with the Soviet Union and Cuba. 1990 – Time Warner is formed by the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications. 2000 – Crossair Flight 498, a Saab 340 aircraft, crashes in Niederhasli, Switzerland, after taking off from Zurich Airport, killing 13 people. 2003 – North Korea withdraws from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, making it the first state to withdraw from the treaty.Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (wagingpeace.org), 10 April 2003, North Korea's Withdrawal from Nonproliferation Treaty Official Korean News Service, Tokyo (kcna.co.jp), 10 January 2003, Statement of DPRK Government on its withdrawal from NPT 2007 – A general strike begins in Guinea in an attempt to get President Lansana Conté to resign. 2012 – A bombing at Jamrud in Pakistan, kills at least 30 people and injures 78 others. 2013 – More than 100 people are killed and 270 injured in several bomb blasts in the Quetta area of Pakistan. 2015 – A traffic accident between an oil tanker truck and passenger coach en route to Shikarpur from Karachi on the Pakistan National Highway Link Road near Gulshan-e-Hadeed, Karachi, killing at least 62 people. 2019 – A 13-year-old American girl, Jayme Closs, is found alive in Gordon, Wisconsin, having been kidnapped 88 days earlier from her parents' home whilst they were murdered.
Births Pre-1600 626 – Husayn ibn Ali, the third Shia Imam (died 680) 1480 – Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy (died 1530) 1538 – Louis of Nassau (died 1574)
1601–1900 1607 – Isaac Jogues, French priest and missionary (died 1646) 1644 – Louis François, duc de Boufflers, French general (died 1711) 1654 – Joshua Barnes, English historian and scholar (died 1712) 1702 – Johannes Zick, German painter (died 1762) 1715 – Christian August Crusius, German philosopher and theologian (died 1775) 1750 – Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron Erskine, Scottish-English lawyer and politician, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (died 1823) 1760 – Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg, German composer and conductor (died 1802) 1769 – Michel Ney, French general (died 1815) 1776 – George Birkbeck, English physician and academic, founded Birkbeck, University of London (died 1841) 1780 – Martin Lichtenstein, German physician and explorer (died 1857) 1802 – Carl Ritter von Ghega, Italian-Austrian engineer, designed the Semmering railway (died 1860) 1810 – Ferdinand Barbedienne, French engineer (died 1892) 1810 – Jeremiah S. Black, American jurist and politician, 23rd United States Secretary of State (died 1883) 1810 – William Haines, English-Australian politician, 1st Premier of Victoria (died 1866) 1823 – Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev, Azerbaijani national industrial magnate and philanthropist (died 1924) 1827 – Amanda Cajander, Finnish medical reformer (died 1871) 1828 – Herman Koeckemann, German bishop and missionary (died 1892) 1829 – Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Greek lawyer, journalist and politician, Prime Minister of Greece (died 1879)Georg Veloudis: "Delijeorjis, Epaminondas", in Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas. Vol. 1. Munich 1974, pp. 385–387. 1834 – John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, Italian-English historian and politician (died 1902) 1840 – Louis-Nazaire Bégin, Canadian cardinal (died 1925) 1842 – Luigi Pigorini, Italian paleontologist, archaeologist, and ethnographer (died 1925) 1843 – Frank James, American soldier and criminal (died 1915) 1848 – Reinhold Sadler, American merchant and politician, 9th governor of Nevada (died 1906) 1849 – Robert Crosbie, Canadian theosophist, founded the United Lodge of Theosophists (died 1919) 1850 – John Wellborn Root, American architect, designed the Rookery Building and Monadnock Building (died 1891) 1853 – Jessie Bond, mezzo-soprano roles in Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas.(died 1942) 1854 – Ramón Corral, Mexican general and politician, 6th Vice President of Mexico (died 1912) 1858 – Heinrich Zille, German illustrator and photographer (died 1929) 1859 – Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia, Spanish philosopher and academic (died 1909) 1860 – Charles G. D. Roberts, Canadian poet and author (died 1943) 1864 – Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (died 1931) 1873 – Algernon Maudslay, English sailor (died 1948) 1873 – Jack O'Neill, Irish-American baseball player (died 1935) 1873 – George Orton, Canadian runner and hurdler (died 1958) 1875 – Issai Schur, German mathematician and academic (died 1941) 1877 – Frederick Gardner Cottrell, American physical chemist, inventor and philanthropist (died 1948) 1878 – John McLean, American hurdler, football player, and coach (died 1955) 1880 – Manuel Azaña, Spanish jurist and politician, 7th President of Spain (died 1940) 1883 – Francis X. Bushman, American actor, director, and screenwriter (died 1966) 1883 – Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy, Russian journalist, author, and poet (died 1945) 1887 – Robinson Jeffers, American poet and philosopher (died 1962) 1890 – Pina Menichelli, Italian actress (died 1984) 1891 – Heinrich Behmann, German mathematician and academic (died 1970) 1891 – Ann Shoemaker, American actress (died 1978) 1892 – Dumas Malone, American historian and author (died 1986) 1892 – Melchior Wańkowicz, Polish soldier, journalist, and author (died 1974) 1893 – Albert Jacka, Australian captain, Victoria Cross recipient (died 1932) 1894 – Pingali Lakshmikantam, Indian poet and author (died 1972) 1895 – Percy Cerutty, Australian athletics coach (died 1975) 1896 – Yong Mun Sen, Malaysian watercolour painter (died 1962) 1896 – Dinkar G. Kelkar, Indian art collector (died 1990) 1898 – Katharine Burr Blodgett, American physicist and engineer (died 1979) 1900 – Violette Cordery, English racing driver (died 1983)
1901–present 1903 – Barbara Hepworth, English sculptor (died 1975) 1903 – Voldemar Väli, Estonian wrestler (died 1997)Väli, Voldemar. Eesti spordi biograafiline leksikon 1904 – Ray Bolger, American actor and dancer (died 1987) 1907 – Gordon Kidd Teal, American engineer and inventor (died 2003) 1908 – Jaime Garcia Goulart, Portuguese Catholic missionary and bishop (died 1997) 1908 – Paul Henreid, Italian-American actor and director (died 1992) 1908 – Bernard Lee, English actor (died 1981) 1910 – Jean Martinon, French conductor and composer (died 1976) 1911 – Binod Bihari Chowdhury, Bangladeshi activist (died 2013) 1911 – Norman Heatley, English biologist and chemist (died 2004) 1912 – Della H. Raney, American Army Air Corps officer (died 1987) 1912 – Maria Mandl, Austrian Lagerführerin at Auschwitz koncentration camp (died 1948)Neumayr, David; Strasser, Christian (2014). Pechmarie - Das Leben der Maria Mandl[Pechmarie - The Life of Maria Mandl] (Documentary) (in German). Austria, at 00:02:32. 1913 – Gustáv Husák, Slovak politician, 9th President of Czechoslovakia (died 1991) 1913 – Mehmet Shehu, Albanian soldier and politician, 22nd Prime Minister of Albania (died 1981) 1914 – Yu Kuo-hwa, Chinese politician, 23rd Premier of the Republic of China (died 2000) 1915 – Dean Dixon, American-Swiss conductor (died 1976)Dean Dixon biography at the African American Registry 1915 – Cynthia Freeman, American author (died 1988) 1916 – Sune Bergström, Swedish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2004) 1916 – Eldzier Cortor, American painter (died 2015) 1916 – Don Metz, Canadian ice hockey player (died 2007) 1917 – Jerry Wexler, American journalist and producer (died 2008) 1918 – Les Bennett, English footballer and manager (died 1999) 1918 – Arthur Chung, Guyanese lawyer and politician, 1st President of Guyana (died 2008) 1919 – Terukuni Manzō, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 38th Yokozuna (died 1977) 1919 – Milton Parker, American businessman, co-founded the Carnegie Deli (died 2009) 1920 – Rosella Hightower, American ballerina (died 2008)Short, Candy Franklin. Hightower, Rosella (1920–). Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. 2009 (retrieved Feb 9, 2009) 1920 – Roberto M. Levingston, Argentinian general and politician, 36th President of Argentina (died 2015) 1921 – Rodger Ward, American aviator, race car driver and sportscaster (died 2004) 1922 – Billy Liddell, Scottish-English footballer (died 2001) 1924 – Earl Bakken, American inventor (died 2018) 1924 – Ludmilla Chiriaeff, Canadian ballerina, choreographer, and director (died 1996)