Events Pre-1600 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.Livy, VI.1; Plutarch, Camillus IX; Tacitus, Histories II.91; Ovid gives a different date of 13 February in the Fasti, II.195-6 387 BCAn alternative year of 390 BC was traditionally favoured – Roman-Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, leading to the subsequent sacking of Rome. 362 – Roman–Persian Wars: Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with a Roman expeditionary force (60,000 men) and stays there for nine months to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire. 452 – Sack of Aquileia: After an earlier defeat on the Catalaunian Plains, Attila lays siege to the metropolis of Aquileia and eventually destroys it. 645 – Chinese forces under general Li Shiji besiege the strategic fortress city of Anshi (Liaoning) during the Goguryeo–Tang War. 1195 – Battle of Alarcos: Almohad forces defeat the Castilian army of Alfonso VIII and force its retreat to Toledo. 1216 – Election of pope Honorius III following the death of pope Innocent III two days prior. 1290 – King Edward I of England issues the Edict of Expulsion, banishing all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from England. 1334 – The bishop of Florence blesses the first foundation stone for the new campanile (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral, designed by the artist Giotto di Bondone. 1389 – France and England agree to the Truce of Leulinghem, inaugurating a 13-year peace, the longest period of sustained peace during the Hundred Years' War. 1507 – In Brussels, Prince Charles I is crowned Duke of Burgundy and Count of Flanders, a year after inheriting the title. 1555 – The College of Arms is reincorporated by Royal charter signed by Queen Mary I of England and King Philip II of Spain.
1601–1900 1723 – Johann Sebastian Bach leads the first performance of his cantata Erforsche mich, Gott, und erfahre mein Herz, BWV 136, in Leipzig on the eighth Sunday after Trinity. 1806 – A gunpowder magazine explosion in Birgu, Malta, kills around 200 people. 1812 – The Treaties of Orebro end both the Anglo-Russian and Anglo-Swedish Wars. 1841 – Coronation of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. 1857 – Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrives to relieve French forces at Kayes, effectively ending El Hajj Umar Tall's war against the French. 1862 – First ascent of Dent Blanche, one of the highest summits in the Alps. 1863 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Fort Wagner: One of the first formal African American military units, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, supported by several white regiments, attempts an unsuccessful assault on Confederate-held Battery Wagner. 1870 – The First Vatican Council decrees the dogma of papal infallibility. 1872 – The Ballot Act 1872 in the United Kingdom introduced the requirement that parliamentary and local government elections be held by secret ballot.
1901–present 1914 – The U.S. Congress forms the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, giving official status to aircraft within the U.S. Army for the first time. 1925 – Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf. 1942 – World War II: During the Beisfjord massacre in Norway, 15 Norwegian paramilitary guards help members of the SS to kill 288 political prisoners from Yugoslavia. 1942 – The Germans test fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 using its jet engines for the first time. 1944 – World War II: Hideki Tōjō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan because of numerous setbacks in the war effort. 1966 – Human spaceflight: Gemini 10 is launched from Cape Kennedy on a 70-hour mission that includes docking with an orbiting Agena target vehicle. 1966 – A racially charged incident in a bar sparks the six-day Hough riots in Cleveland, Ohio; 1,700 Ohio National Guard troops intervene to restore order. 1968 – Intel is founded in Mountain View, California. 1970 – An Antonov An-22 of the Soviet Air Forces crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 23 aboard. 1976 – Nadia Comăneci becomes the first person in Olympic Games history to score a perfect 10 in gymnastics at the 1976 Summer Olympics. 1979 – A landslide occurs on the Iliwerung volcano in Indonesia, triggering a tsunami that kills over 530 and leaves 700 missing. 1981 – A Canadair CL-44 and Sukhoi Su-15 collide in mid-air near Yerevan, Armenia, killing four. 1982 – Two hundred sixty-eight Guatemalan campesinos ("peasants" or "country people") are slain in the Plan de Sánchez massacre. 1984 – McDonald's massacre in San Ysidro, California: James Oliver Huberty kills 21 people and injures 19 others before being shot dead by police. 1992 – A picture of Les Horribles Cernettes was taken, which became the first ever photo posted to the World Wide Web. 1994 – The bombing of the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (Argentine Jewish Community Center) in Buenos Aires kills 85 people (mostly Jewish) and injures 300. 1994 – Rwandan genocide: The Rwandan Patriotic Front takes control of Gisenyi and north western Rwanda, forcing the interim government into Zaire and ending the genocide. 1995 – On the Caribbean island of Montserrat, the Soufrière Hills volcano erupts. Over the course of several years, it devastates the island, destroying the capital, forcing most of the population to flee. 1996 – Storms provoke severe flooding on the Saguenay River, beginning one of Quebec's costliest natural disasters ever. 1996 – Battle of Mullaitivu: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam capture the Sri Lanka Army's base, killing over 1,200 soldiers. 2002 – A Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer crashes near Estes Park, Colorado, killing both crew members. 2012 – At least seven people are killed and 32 others are injured after a bomb explodes on an Israeli tour bus at Burgas Airport, Bulgaria. 2013 – The Government of Detroit, with up to $20 billion in debt, files for the largest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history. 2014 – The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant requires Christians to either accept dhimmi status, emigrate from ISIL lands, or be killed. 2019 – A man sets fire to an anime studio in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan, killing 36 people and injuring dozens of others.
Births Pre-1600 1013 – Hermann of Reichenau, German composer, mathematician, and astronomer (died 1054) 1501 – Isabella of Austria, queen of Denmark (died 1526) 1504 – Heinrich Bullinger, Swiss pastor and reformer (died 1575) 1534 – Zacharius Ursinus, German theologian (died 1583) 1552 – Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1612)
1601–1900 1634 – Johannes Camphuys, Dutch politician, Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (died 1695) 1659 – Hyacinthe Rigaud, French painter (died 1743) 1670 – Giovanni Bononcini, Italian cellist and composer (died 1747) 1702 – Maria Clementina Sobieska, Polish noble (died 1735) 1718 – Saverio Bettinelli, Italian poet, playwright, and critic (died 1808) 1720 – Gilbert White, English ornithologist and ecologist (died 1793) 1724 – Maria Antonia of Bavaria, Electress of Saxony (died 1780) 1750 – Frederick Adolf, duke of Östergötland (died 1803) 1796 – Immanuel Hermann Fichte, German philosopher and academic (died 1879) 1811 – William Makepeace Thackeray, English author and poet (died 1863) 1818 – Louis Gerhard De Geer, Swedish lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Sweden (died 1896) 1821 – Pauline Viardot, French soprano and composer (died 1910) 1837 – Vasil Levski, Bulgarian priest and activist (died 1873) 1842 – William D. Coleman, 13th President of Liberia (died 1908) 1843 – Virgil Earp, American marshal (died 1905) 1845 – Tristan Corbière, French poet (died 1875) 1848 – W. G. Grace, English cricketer and physician (died 1915) 1853 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1928) 1861 – Kadambini Ganguly, Indian physician, one of the first Indian women to obtain a degree (died 1923) 1864 – Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden, English politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (died 1937) 1867 – Margaret Brown, American philanthropist and activist (died 1932) 1871 – Giacomo Balla, Italian painter (died 1958) 1871 – Sada Yacco, Japanese actress and dancer (died 1946) 1872 – Julius Fučík, Czech composer and conductor of military bands (died 1916)Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, 7th ed. (1984), p. 776 1881 – Larry McLean, Canadian-American baseball player (died 1921) 1884 – Alberto di Jorio, Italian cardinal (died 1979) 1886 – Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., American general (died 1945) 1887 – Vidkun Quisling, Norwegian military officer and politician, Minister President of Norway (died 1945) 1889 – Kōichi Kido, Japanese politician, 13th Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan (died 1977) 1890 – Frank Forde, Australian educator and politician, 15th Prime Minister of Australia (died 1983) 1892 – Arthur Friedenreich, Brazilian footballer (died 1969) 1893 – David Ogilvy, 12th Earl of Airlie, Scottish peer, soldier and courtier (died 1968) 1895 – Olga Spessivtseva, Russian-American ballerina (died 1991) 1895 – Machine Gun Kelly, American gangster (died 1954) 1897 – Ernest Eldridge, English race car driver and engineer (died 1935) 1898 – John Stuart, Scottish-English actor (died 1979) 1899 – Ernst Scheller, German soldier and politician, 8th Mayor of Marburg (died 1942) 1900 – Nathalie Sarraute, French lawyer and author (died 1999)
1901–present 1902 – Jessamyn West, American author (died 1984) 1902 – Chill Wills, American actor (died 1978) 1906 – S. I. Hayakawa, Canadian-American academic and politician (died 1992) 1906 – Clifford Odets, American director, playwright, and screenwriter (died 1963) 1908 – Peace Pilgrim, American mystic and activist (died 1981) 1908 – Lupe Vélez, Mexican-American actress and dancer (died 1944) 1908 – Beatrice Aitchison, American mathematician, statistician, and transportation economist (died 1997) 1909 – Bishnu Dey, Indian poet, critic, and academic (died 1982) 1909 – Andrei Gromyko, Belarusian-Russian economist and politician, Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs (died 1989) 1909 – Mohammed Daoud Khan, Afghan commander and politician, 1st President of Afghanistan (died 1978) 1909 – Harriet Nelson, American singer and actress (died 1994) 1910 – Diptendu Pramanick, Indian businessman (died 1989) 1910 – Mamadou Dia, Senegalese politician; 1st Prime Minister of Senegal (died 2009) 1911 – Hume Cronyn, Canadian-American actor, producer, and screenwriter (died 2003) 1913 – Red Skelton, American actor and comedian (died 1997) 1914 – Gino Bartali, Italian cyclist (died 2000) 1914 – Oscar Heisserer, French footballer (died 2004) 1915 – Carequinha, Brazilian clown and actor (died 2006) 1915 – Louis Le Bailly, British Royal Navy officer (died 2010) 1916 – L. Patrick Gray, American lawyer and bureaucrat (died 2005) 1916 – Charles Kittel, American physicist (died 2019) 1917 – Henri Salvador, French singer and guitarist (died 2008) 1917 – Paul Streeten, Austrian-born British economics professor (died 2019) 1918 – Nelson Mandela, South African lawyer and politician, 1st President of South Africa, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2013) 1919 – Lilia Dale, Italian actress (died 1991) 1920 – Eric Brandon, English race car driver and businessman (died 1982) 1921 – Peter Austin, English brewer, founded Ringwood Brewery (died 2014) 1921 – Aaron Beck, American psychiatrist and academic (died 2021) 1921 – John Glenn, American colonel, astronaut, and politician (died 2016) 1921 – Richard Leacock, English-French director and producer (died 2011) 1921 – Heinz Bennent, German actor (died 2011) 1922 – Thomas Kuhn, American physicist, historian, and philosopher (died 1996) 1923 – Jerome H. Lemelson, American engineer and businessman (died 1997) 1923 – Michael Medwin, English actor (died 2020) 1924 – Inge Sørensen, Danish swimmer (died 2011) 1924 – Tullio Altamura, Italian actor 1925 – Shirley Strickland, Australian runner and hurdler (died 2004)