Robert Lincoln Drew (February 15, 1924 – July 30, 2014) was an American documentary filmmaker known as a pioneer—and sometimes called the father—of cinéma vérité, or direct cinema, in the United States. Two of his films, Primary (1960) and Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment (1963), were named to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress. In 1993 he was a recipient of the Career Achievement Award from the International Documentary Association.
Biography Robert Drew was born in Toledo, Ohio. His father, Robert Woodsen Drew, was a film salesman and a pilot who ran a seaplane business. Drew grew up mostly in Fort Thomas, Kentucky. In 1942 he left high school to join the U.S. Army Air Corps as a cadet and qualified for officer's training. At the age of 19, he was a combat pilot in Italy flying the P-51 dive bomber, completing 30 successful combat missions. During that time, he met Ernie Pyle, an important experience for a pilot who would become a journalist. Drew was shot down behind enemy lines, where he survived for more than three months. After returning to the U.S., he was a pilot in the 1st Fighter Group, the first to fly jet airplanes. He wrote an article for Life magazine about the experience flying a P-80 and was subsequently offered a job with the magazine.
Drew said in a 1993 interview that as far back as the late 1940s, "I began thinking about developing a kind of film journalism that was as flexible as candid photography". While working as a writer and editor at Life, he won Harvard University's Nieman Fellowship for journalism. During his Nieman year in 1955, he focused on two questions: Why are documentaries so dull? What would it take for them to become gripping and exciting? His answers were "that documentaries, with their stitched-together footage and stilted narration, had been little more than lectures, and that television had the ability to draw audiences into dramatic stories with an immediacy it had yet to exploit."
He formed a unit within Time Inc. with the aim of creating documentary films that would use picture logic rather than word logic. As he articulated it, he envisioned a type of documentary that would "find a dramatic logic in which things really happened". It would be "a theater without actors; it would be plays without playwrights; it would be reporting without summary and opinion; it would be the ability to look in on people's lives at crucial times from which you could deduce certain things and see a kind of truth that can only be gotten from personal experience." To realize his vision, he needed lightweight camera equipment that operated silently, along with recorded synchronized sound. He was able to persuade Time Inc. to finance development of the new equipment.
Some of Drew's early short-form documentaries premiered on The Ed Sullivan Show and The Jack Paar Tonight Show. In 1960, he founded Drew Associates and recruited like-minded filmmakers including Richard Leacock, D. A. Pennebaker, Terence Macartney-Filgate, and Albert Maysles, all of whom went on to their own celebrated careers. They experimented with new technology, for example, syncing camera and sound with the parts of a watch.
Among the best-known works of Drew Associates is Primary (1960), a documentary about the April 1960 Wisconsin primary election between Democratic Party candidates Hubert Humphrey and John F. Kennedy. It is considered one of the first direct cinema documentaries. For the film, Drew had Mitch Bogdanovich make smaller 16mm cameras, which allowed for hand-held use and a much closer look at political candidates and campaigning than was previously possible. According to critic Matt Zoller Seitz, Primary "had as immense and measurable an impact on nonfiction filmmaking as Birth of a Nation had on fiction filmmaking."
After Kennedy responded positively to Primary, Drew "proposed to make a next film on him as a President having to deal with a crisis. 'Yes,' he said, 'What if I could look back and see what went on in the White House in the 24 hours before Roosevelt declared war on Japan?'" They got their chance in spring of 1963 when Governor George Wallace of Alabama pledged, as a show of support for segregation, to personally stand in the doorway to block enrollment of the first two African-American students at the University of Alabama. Drew secured permission for his camera crews to film in the White House and in the office of Attorney General Robert Kennedy, as well as in Alabama at the home of Governor Wallace and at the university. The film footage covers the days leading up to June 11, 1963, when Wallace made his infamous stand. The resulting film, Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment, aired on TV in October 1963 and fueled discussions about the Civil Rights Movement. It also raised questions about cinéma vérité, and whether the people being filmed alter their behavior out of self-consciousness or a desire to manipulate the process.
Over the course of his career, Drew made scores of documentaries and won numerous awards, including an Emmy for Man Who Dances (1968) about the ballet dancer Edward Villella. Drew's films were shown on ABC, PBS, the BBC, and at international film festivals. His subjects included politics, civil rights, social and environmental issues, and the arts. One of his last documentaries was From Two Men and a War (2005), which recounts his experiences as a World War II fighter pilot and his encounters with the Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter Ernie Pyle.
Drew's second wife, Anne Gilbert, was a documentarian at Drew Associates and often worked with her husband on film projects. His extended family member Sybil Drew also became a journalist and documentarian. Director Sir Ridley Scott credited his early experience working as an assistant at Drew Associates with turning his career from design to film.
Death Robert Drew died on July 30, 2014, at his home in Sharon, Connecticut. He was 90.
Legacy In a statement after Drew's death, documentarian Michael Moore said, "Modern art has Picasso, rock 'n' roll has Bill Haley, and the documentary film has Robert Drew. All of us who make nonfiction movies can trace our lineage to what he created."
The film and video collection of Robert Drew is housed at the Academy Film Archive. The Archive has preserved a number of his films, including Primary, Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment, Faces of November, Herself: Indira Gandhi, and Bravo! / Kathy's Dance.
Select filmography
Year Title Notes 1954 Key Picture (Magazine X) 1957 American Football 1957 1958 Balloon Ascension 1958 Weightless 1959 Bullfight 1960 On the Pole 1960 Yanki No! 1960 Primary Best Documentary, Flaherty AwardBlue Ribbon Award, American Film FestivalOutstanding Film, London Film FestivalNational Film Registry, Library of Congress 1961 Adventures on the New Frontier 1961 1961 Petey and Johnny Outstanding Film, London Film Festival 1961 Mooney vs. Fowle Outstanding Film, London Film Festival 1961 On the Pole: Eddie Sachs 1962 First Prize, Cannes Film Festival 1962 Blackie 1962 Nehru 1962 1962 Susan Starr 1962 Jane 1963 Crisis: Behind a Presidential CommitmentNational Film Registry, Library of CongressFirst prize, Venice Film FestivalCine Golden EagleFirst Prize, International Documentary Film Festival, Bilbao 1964 Faces of NovemberFirst prize, Venice Film Festival 1966 Storm SignalFirst prize, Venice Film Festival 1968 Man Who DancesFirst Prize, International Cinema Exhibition, Bilbao,Cine Golden EagleEmmy Award, National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences 1968 On the Road with Duke EllingtonCine Golden Eagle 1968 The New MetFirst Prize, International Cinema Exhibition, BilbaoCine Golden Eagle 1969 Jazz: The Intimate ArtCine Golden Eagle 1969 Cine Golden Eagle 1969 Martian InvestigationsCine Golden Eagle 1969 Cine Golden Eagle 1973 Who's Out There?Cine Golden Eagle 1976 Parade of the Tall ShipsCine Golden Eagle 1977 Kathy's DanceCine Golden EagleSilver Hugo, Chicago Film FestivalBlue Ribbon Award, American Film Festival 1978 Talent for America 1979 Grasshopper Plague 1979 Maine Winter 1979 One Room Schoolhouse 1982 784 Days That Changed America: From Watergate to ResignationPeabody AwardAmerican Bar Association Silver Gavel AwardInternational Film and TV Festival of New York Gold Award 1982 Herself, Indira GandhiCine Golden Eagle 1982 Fire Season 1984 Warning from Gangland 1984 Marshall High Fights BackCine Golden EagleNomination, Emmy AwardFirst Prize, Education Writers Association 1985 Shootout on Imperial Highway 1986 For Auction: An American HeroBest Documentary, Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University AwardCine Golden EagleNominee, Emmy Award 1988 River of Hawks 1988 Your Flight is Cancelled 1988 Messages from the Birds 1990 London to Peking: The Great Motoring Challenge 1991 Life and Death of a DynastyCine Golden Eagle 1996 L.A. Champions 1996 On the Trail of the Vanishing Birds 2005 From Two Men and a War 2008
References
Further reading P. J. O'Connell, Robert Drew and the Development of Cinéma Vérité in America, Southern University Press, 1992. Margaret A. Blanchard, History of the Mass Media in the United States, Routledge, 1999. New Challenges for Documentary, edited by Alan Rosenthal, University of California Press, 1988 (contains chapter by Robert Drew). Dave Saunders, Direct Cinema: Observational Documentary and the Politics of the Sixties, London, Wallflower Press, 2007. Richard Leacock, The Feeling of Being There: A Filmmaker's Memoir, Semeion Editions, 2011.
External links
Drew Associates web page "Reminiscences of Robert Drew, 1980" from Columbia University Libraries oral history collection The Camera That Changed The World – a 59-minute documentary by Mandy Chang on the filmmakers and engineers who built the first hand-held cameras "Raw Footage S01:E04" 1996 interview of Drew by Alec Baldwin Excerpt on Drew from Peter Witonick's 1999 documentary Cinéma Vérité: Defining the Moment Drew, Robert – Biographic profile of Drew in the Museum of Broadcast Communications Interview with Robert Drew – Conducted at 2008 Tribeca Festival "Drew Masterworks, DVD intro film"