India–Pakistan border

The India–Pakistan border is the international boundary that separates the nations of the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. At its northern end is the Line of Control, which separates Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh from Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan; and at its southern end is Sir Creek, a tidal estuary in the Rann of Kutch between the Indian state of Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sindh.

Arising from the partition of India in 1947, the border covers the provincial boundaries of Gujarat and Rajasthan with Sindh, and the Radcliffe Line between the partitions of Punjab. It traverses a variety of terrain in the northwestern region of the subcontinent, ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts. Since the beginning of the India–Pakistan conflict shortly after the two countries' conjoined independence, it has been the site of numerous cross-border military standoffs and full-scale wars. The border's total length is according to figures given by PBS; it is also ranked as one of the most dangerous international boundaries in the world, based on an article written in Foreign Policy in 2011. During the nighttime, the India–Pakistan border is distinctly visible from outer space due to the 150,000 floodlights installed by India on approximately 50,000 poles.

Sections

The India-Pakistan border includes mutually-recognised International Border and several disputed sections, listed from north to south:

Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) - separates the current positions of Indian and Pakistani military posts and troops along the long frontline in the disputed region of Siachen Glacier:The fight for SiachenThey shall not pass It runs along the Saltoro Mountains range, beginning from the northernmost point of the (LOC) at Point NJ 9842 and ending in the north on the Indira Ridge at the India-China-Pakistan LAC tripoint near Sia Kangri about northwest of Indira Col West, with peaks in excess of and temperatures ranging to around .How India realised it was at risk of losing the Siachen glacier to Pakistan, The Print, 12 April 2018. India gained control of of disputed territory in 1984 because of its military operations in Siachen. Line of Control (LoC) - separates disputed areas of Indian-administered Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir UT from Pakistani-administered Kashmir: It was demarcated after the 1972 Simla Agreement. Earlier the UN-mediated ceasefire line of 1949 served as the de facto border between the two regions after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, which was revised to a Line of Control after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Working Boundary (WB) - separates the disputed section of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir from the Pakistani Punjab: It is referred to as a working boundary by the United Nations (UN), while India regards it as the international border. Pakistani Punjab is internationally recognized as a part of Pakistan by both parties while Jammu and Kashmir is a disputed territory (claimed by Pakistan, controlled by India). International Boundary (IB) or Radcliffe Line - runs from Punjab to Gujarat and Sindh: The demarcated line between India and Pakistan is recognized by both nations. Sir Creek - separates southern Gujarat in India from southern Sindh in Pakistan: The long-standing India-Pakistan Sir Creek border dispute stems from the demarcation "from the mouth of Sir Creek to the top of Sir Creek, and from the top of Sir Creek eastward to a point on the line designated on the Western Terminus". From this point onward, the boundary is unambiguously fixed as defined by the Tribunal Award of 1968.

Barrier

Out of total length of border with Pakistan, Government of India has completely fenced by 2024 and the remaining is covered by physical and non-physical barriers as it is not feasible to fence the entire border due to densely forested rugged mountains, riverine and marshy areas. India has similar fence on borders with Bangladesh and Myanmar.1643 km Indo-Myanmar border to be fenced, a patrol track to be built: Amit Shah, Hindustan Times, 6 Feb 2024.

In February 2025, India's Central Public Works Department (CPWD) started to construct a 1,450 km long border road along the border barrier across the Indian Punjab (354 km) and Rajasthan (1096 km). This will enable swifter access, strengthen the anti-drug and anti-terrorism patrolling, and act as an anti-tunnel mechanism.राजस्थान में पश्चिमी सीमा पर बन रहा कुछ ऐसा, जिससे पाकिस्तान के उड़ जाएंगे होश, BSF का काम होगा आसान, MSN.com, 9 Feb 2025.

Border crossings

Border crossings with designated immigration and customs facilities are: Attari and Wagah is the most famous and prominent, due to the Attari–Wagah border ceremony. The crossing is located 32 kilometres from Amritsar and 24 kilometers from Lahore. It has shut down indefinitely on May 1, 2025 after the 2025 Pahalgam terrorist attack and Operation SINDOOR Kartarpur Corridor is the newest border crossing. While currently it only serves pilgrims from India to Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur with a valid Electronic Travel Authorisation, it has designated immigration and customs facilities. It has been shut down on May 1, 2025 after the 2025 Pahalgam terrorist attack and Operation SINDOOR but the Pakistani side is still open. Munabao, a village in Barmer district, Rajasthan, has a railway station through which the Thar Express connects India with Pakistan. The crossing point had been closed after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. It reopened in 2006 but closed again in 2019.hindustantimes.com, Retrieved 21 August 2020 Other crossings Ganda Singh Wala border, Kasur District (Pakistan side) / Hussainiwala border, Punjab (India side) Sulaimanki, Punjab (Pakistan side) / Fazilka border, Fazilka district, Punjab (India side) Longewala (closed)

Border ceremonies

At the following border crossing sites and the beating retreat flag ceremonies are jointly held by the military of both nations every day at 6:30 pm, which are open to public as tourist attractions.5 crossing points in India: All you need to know, India Today, 10 OCt 2016.Beating Retreat Wagah India, CHanging Guards, accessed 8 July 2021. No special permit or ticket is needed. The ceremony sites are as follows (from north to south):

Punjab, India – Punjab, Pakistan Attari–Wagah border ceremony near Amritsar in Punjab: The flag lowering ceremony at the village of Wagah is held each evening immediately before sunset by the border agents of Pakistan (Pakistan Rangers) and India (Border Security Force or BSF). The ceremony begins with battle calls from both sides in the form of loud screaming done by the border guards. This is followed by a series of organized high kicks, stomps, and dance moves during which the opposing forces stare each other down. The event ends with a handshake of good faith being exchanged by the head guards along with the lowering of the flags. It is symbolic of the brotherhood as well as the rivalry that these two nations share. The border troops are known to exchange sweets with the opposing side during the Muslim holidays of Eid and Hindu holiday of Diwali. It has been a peaceful gathering with the exception of the 2014 Wagah border suicide attack by Islamist terrorists in which 60 people were killed and over 110 people were left injured. The border ceremony was temporarily suspended after the Pahalgam terror attack in April 2025, but resumed in an altered form on 20 May 2025. Hussainiwala–Ganda Singh Wala border ceremony near Firozepur in Punjab. Sadiqui–Sulemanki border ceremony near Fazilka in Punjab.Sadqi retreat ceremony, nic.in, accessed 8 July 2021.Second Wagah: India, Pak agree to new ceremony, beating retreat on Punjab border, Hindustan Times, 201 April 2017.At Sadiqi border, strained Indo-Pak ties dampen spirits, The Tribune, 17 April 2019. Rajasthan – Sindh Munabao–Khokhrapar border ceremony in Barmer district in Rajasthan.

Gallery

India–Pakistan border

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