A system of plant taxonomy, the Bessey system was published by Charles Bessey in 1915.
Description Bessey based his system on the tradition of de Candolle, Bentham and Hooker and Hallier. He was also influenced by Darwin and Wallace. He taught that taxonomy must be based on evolutionary principles.* Like Wettstein he placed the Ranales at the origin of Angiospermae.
He considered Spermatophyta as having a polyphyletic origin, being made up of three different phyla, of which he only treated Anthophyta (syn.: Angiosperms). In that he used the same names for the subclasses of both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, this is contrary to contemporary rules on plant nomenclature that require names to be unique. However Bessey actually used a qualifying hyphenation (Alternifoliae-Strobiloideae and Oppositifoliae-Strobiloideae), a distinction not always recognised in reference to this scheme. With some modifications, most modern classifications - for example, those of Cronquist (1981, 1983, 1988), Takhtajan (1969, 1980, 1983, 1991), Stebbins (1974), R. Dahlgren (1975, 1980, 1983; R. Dahlgren et al. 1981; R. Dahlgren and F. N. Rasmussen 1983; R. Dahlgren and K. Bremer 1985; G. Dahlgren 1989), and Thorne (1976, 1981, 1983, 1992) - follow the Bessey tradition.Zomlefer, W. B. (1994):Guide to flowering plant families
Summary phylum Angiospermae 1 classis Alternifoliae syn.:Monocotyledoneae 2 classis Oppositifoliae syn.: Dicotyledoneae
Alternifoliae 1 classis Alternifoliae syn.:Monocotyledoneae 1 subclassis Alternifoliae-Strobiloideae ordo Alismatales Alismataceae Butomaceae Triuridaceae Scheuchzeriaceae Typhaceae Sparganiaceae Pandanaceae Aponogetonaceae Potamogetonaceae ordo Liliales Liliaceae Stemonaceae Pontederiaceae Cyanastraceae Philydraceae Commelinaceae Xyridaceae Mayacaceae Juncaceae Eriocaulaceae as Eriocaulonaceae [sic] Thurniaceae Rapateaceae Najadaceae as Naiadaceae [sic] ordo Arales Cyclanthaceae Araceae Lemnaceae ordo Palmales Palmae as Palmaceae [sic] ordo Graminales Restionaceae Centrolepidaceae Flagellariaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae 2 subclassis Cotyloideae ordo Hydrales Vallisneriaceae syn.: Hydrocharitaceae ordo Iridales Amaryllidaceae Haemodoraceae Iridaceae Velloziaceae Taccaceae Dioscoreaceae Bromeliaceae Musaceae Zingiberaceae Cannaceae Marantaceae ordo Orchidales Burmanniaceae Orchidaceae
Oppositifoliae 2 classis Oppositifoliae syn.: Dicotyledoneae 1 subclassis Oppositifoliae-Strobiloideae 1 superordo Apopetalae-Polycarpellatae ordo Ranales Magnoliaceae Calycanthaceae Monimiaceae Cercidiphyllaceae Trochodendraceae Leitneriaceae Annonaceae as Anonaceae [sic] Lactoridaceae Gomortegaceae Myristicaceae Saururaceae Piperaceae Lacistemaceae Chloranthaceae Ranunculaceae Lardizabalaceae Berberidaceae Menispermaceae Lauraceae Nelumbonaceae as Nelumbaceae [sic] Cabombaceae Ceratophyllaceae Dilleniaceae Winteraceae as Winteranaceae [sic] ordo Malvales Sterculiaceae Malvaceae Bombacaceae as Bombaceae [sic] Scytopetalaceae Chlaenaceae syn.: Sarcolaenaceae Gonystylaceae Tiliaceae Elaeocarpaceae Balanopaceae as Balanopsidaceae [sic] Ulmaceae Moraceae Urticaceae ordo Sarraceniales Sarraceniaceae Nepenthaceae ordo Geraniales Geraniaceae Oxalidaceae Tropaeolaceae Balsaminaceae Limnanthaceae Linaceae Humiriaceae Rutaceae Simaroubaceae as Simarubaceae [sic] Burseraceae Meliaceae Malpighiaceae Trigoniaceae Vochysiaceae Polygalaceae Tremandraceae Dichapetalaceae Euphorbiaceae Callitrichaceae ordo Guttiferales Theaceae Cistaceae Guttiferae as Guttiferaceae [sic] Eucryphiaceae Ochnaceae Dipterocarpaceae Caryocaraceae Quiinaceae Marcgraviaceae Flacourtiaceae Bixaceae Cochlospermaceae Violaceae Malesherbiaceae Turneraceae Passifloraceae Achariaceae Caricaceae Stachyuraceae Koeberliniaceae ordo Rhoeadales Papaveraceae Tovariaceae Nymphaeaceae Moringaceae Resedaceae Capparaceae as Capparidaceae [sic] Brassicaceae ordo Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Elatinaceae Portulacaceae Aizoaceae Frankeniaceae Tamaricaceae Salicaceae Podostemaceae as Podostemonaceae [sic] Hydrostachyaceae as Hydrostachydaceae [sic] Phytolaccaceae Basellaceae Amaranthaceae Chenopodiaceae Polygonaceae Nyctaginaceae Cynocrambaceae syn.: Theligonaceae Bataceae as Batidaceae [sic] 2 superordo Sympetalae-Polycarpellatae ordo Ebenales Sapotaceae Ebenaceae Symplocaceae Styracaceae Fouquieriaceae ordo Ericales Clethraceae Ericaceae Epacridaceae Diapensiaceae Pyrolaceae Lennoaceae ordo Primulales Primulaceae Plantaginaceae Plumbaginaceae Myrsinaceae Theophrastaceae 3 superordo Sympetalae-Dicarpellatae ordo Gentianales Oleaceae Salvadoraceae Loganiaceae Gentianaceae Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae ordo Polemoniales Polemoniaceae Convolvulaceae Hydrophyllaceae Boraginaceae as Borraginaceae Nolanaceae Solanaceae ordo Scrophulariales 2 subclassis Cotyloideae 1 superordo Apopetalae ordo Rosales Rosaceae Malaceae Prunaceae Crossosomataceae Connaraceae Mimosaceae Cassiaceae Fabaceae Saxifragaceae Hydrangeaceae Grossulariaceae Crassulaceae Droseraceae Cephalotaceae Pittosporaceae Brunelliaceae Cunoniaceae Myrothamnaceae Bruniaceae Hamamelidaceae Casuarinaceae Eucommiaceae Platanaceae ordo Myrtales Lythraceae Sonneratiaceae Punicaceae Lecythidaceae Melastomataceae Myrtaceae Combretaceae Rhizophoraceae Oenotheraceae Halorrhagidaceae Hippuridaceae Cynomoriaceae Aristolochiaceae Rafflesiaceae Hydnoraceae ordo Loasales Loasaceae Cucurbitaceae Begoniaceae Datiscaceae Ancistrocladaceae ordo Cactales Cactaceae ordo Celastrales Rhamnaceae Vitaceae Celastraceae Buxaceae Aquifoliaceae Cyrillaceae Pentaphylacaceae Corynocarpaceae Hippocrateaceae Stackhousiaceae Staphyleaceae Geissolomataceae Penaeaceae Oliniaceae Thymelaeaceae Hernandiaceae Elaeagnaceae Myzodendraceae Santalaceae Opiliaceae Grubbiaceae Olacaceae Loranthaceae Balanophoraceae ordo Sapindales Sapindaceae Hippocastanaceae Aceraceae Sabiaceae Icacinaceae Melianthaceae Empetraceae Coriariaceae Anacardiaceae Juglandaceae Betulaceae Fagaceae Myricaceae Julianaceae Proteaceae ordo Apiales as Umbellales Araliaceae Apiaceae Cornaceae 2 superordo Sympetalae ordo Rubiales Rubiaceae Caprifoliaceae Adoxaceae Valerianaceae Dipsacaceae ordo Campanulales Campanulaceae Goodeniaceae Stylidiaceae Calyceraceae ordo Asterales Helianthaceae Ambrosiaceae Heleniaceae Arctotidaceae Calendulaceae Inulaceae Asteraceae Vernoniaceae Eupatoriaceae Anthemidaceae Senecionidaceae Carduaceae Mutisiaceae Lactucaceae
References
Bibliography
(also at )