The 1880 United States census, conducted by the Census Office during June 1880, was the tenth United States census.1880 Census: Instructions to Enumerators from IPUMS, a website of the Minnesota Population Center at the University of Minnesota It was the first time that women were permitted to be enumerators.From Inkwell To Internet: 1880 from the U.S. Census Bureau The Superintendent of the Census was Francis Amasa Walker. This was the first census in which a cityNew York Cityrecorded a population of over one million, and the first census in which the 20 most populated cities all recorded over 100,000 residents.
Data collected Five schedules were authorized by the 1880 Census Act, four of which were filled out by the enumerators: from the U.S. Census Bureau Schedule 1 (Population), which was similar to that used for the previous census, with a few exceptions.Scanned images of Schedule 1 (both low-resolution and high-resolution) are available from Historical Forms and Questions: 1880 at the U.S. Census Bureau website Schedule 2 (Mortality), which used the same inquiries as in 1870, and added inquiries to record marital status, birthplace of parents, length of residence in the United States or territory, and name of place where the disease was contracted, if other than place of death. Schedule 3 (Agriculture), which greatly expanded inquiries concerning various crops (including acreage for principal crop), and included questions on farm tenure, weeks of hired labor, annual cost for fence building and repair, fertilizer purchases, and the number of livestock. Schedule 5 (Manufacturing), which expanded to include information on the greatest number of hands employed at any time during the year, the number of hours in the ordinary work day from May to November and November to May, the average daily wages paid to skilled mechanics and laborers, months of full-and part-time operation, and machinery used.
Schedule 4 (Social statistics) was the responsibility of experts and special agents, rather than the enumerators. The majority of the data came from correspondence with officials of institutions providing care and treatment of certain members of the population. Experts and special agents also were employed to collect data on valuation, taxation, and indebtedness; religion and libraries; colleges, academies, and schools; newspapers and periodicals, and wages.
Special agents were also charged with collecting data on specific industries throughout the country, and included the manufactures of iron and steel; cotton, woolen, and worsted goods; silk and silk goods; chemical products and salt; coke and glass; shipbuilding; and all aspects of fisheries and mining, including the production of coal and petroleum.
Full documentation for the 1880 population census, including census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, which contains microdata.
Data availability The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau; after which the original sheets were transferred to various state archives, libraries, or universities. The microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, along which digital indices.
Microdata from the 1880 population census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.
Results The 1880 census determined the resident population of the United States to be 50,189,209, an increase of 30.2 percent over the 38,555,983 persons enumerated during the 1870 census.Resident Population of the United States from a State of Wyoming website The mean center of United States population for 1880 was in Boone County, Kentucky.
The results from the census were used to determine the apportionment for the 48th, 49th, 50th, 51st, and 52nd sessions of the United States Congress.
The processing of the 1880 census data took so long (eight years) that the Census Bureau contracted Herman Hollerith to design and build a tabulating machine to be used for the next census. "The final volumes of the 1880 census were published in 1888" thus 1880, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 – eight years at leastTabulating machines from an Early Office Museum website The 1880 census also led to the discovery of the Alabama paradox.
Source: Table I, Population of the United States, by States and Territories1880 Census: Volume 1. Statistics of the Population of the United States (PDF)
Rank State Population 01 New York 5,082,871 02 Pennsylvania 4,282,891 03 Ohio 3,198,062 04 Illinois 3,077,871 05 Missouri 2,168,380 06 Indiana 1,978,301 07 Massachusetts 1,783,085 08 Kentucky 1,648,690 09 Michigan 1,636,937 10 Iowa 1,624,615 11 Texas 1,591,749 12 Tennessee 1,542,359 13 Georgia 1,542,180 14 Virginia 1,512,565 15 North Carolina 1,399,750 16 Wisconsin 1,315,497 17 Alabama 1,262,505 18 Mississippi 1,131,597 19 New Jersey 1,131,116 20 Kansas 996,096 21 South Carolina 995,577 22 Louisiana 939,946 23 Maryland 934,943 24 California 864,694 25 Arkansas 802,525 26 Minnesota 780,773 27 Maine 648,936 28 Connecticut 622,700 29 West Virginia 618,457 30 Nebraska 452,402 31 New Hampshire 346,991 32 Vermont 332,286 33 Rhode Island 276,531 34 Florida 269,493 35 Colorado 194,327 X District of ColumbiaThe District of Columbia is not a state but was created with the passage of the Residence Act of 1790. 177,624 36 Oregon 174,768 37 Delaware 146,608 X Utah 143,963 X New Mexico 119,565 X South Dakota 98,268In 1880, South Dakota and North Dakota together formed the Dakota Territory, and so the census reported their combined population of 135,177. 1880 Census: Volume 1. Statistics of the Population of the United States (PDF) X Washington 75,116 38 Nevada 62,266 X Arizona 40,440 X Montana 39,159 X North Dakota 36,909 X Idaho 32,610 X Wyoming 20,789
City rankings Rank City State PopulationRegion (2016) 01 New YorkNew York 1,206,299 Northeast 02 PhiladelphiaPennsylvania 847,170 Northeast 03 BrooklynNew York 566,663 Northeast 04 ChicagoIllinois 503,185 Midwest 05 BostonMassachusetts 362,839 Northeast 06 St. LouisMissouri 350,518 Midwest 07 BaltimoreMaryland 332,313 South 08 CincinnatiOhio 255,139 Midwest 09 San FranciscoCalifornia 233,959 West 10 New OrleansLouisiana 216,090 South 11 ClevelandOhio 160,146 Midwest 12 PittsburghPennsylvania 156,389 Northeast 13 BuffaloNew York 155,134 Northeast 14 WashingtonDistrict of Columbia 147,293 South 15 NewarkNew Jersey 136,508 Northeast 16 LouisvilleKentucky 123,758 South 17 Jersey CityNew Jersey 120,722 Northeast 18 DetroitMichigan 116,340 Midwest 19 MilwaukeeWisconsin 115,587 Midwest 20 ProvidenceRhode Island 104,857 Northeast 21 AlbanyNew York 90,758 Northeast 22 RochesterNew York 89,366 Northeast 23 AlleghenyPennsylvania 78,682 Northeast 24 IndianapolisIndiana 75,056 Midwest 25 RichmondVirginia 63,600 South 26 New HavenConnecticut 62,882 Northeast 27 LowellMassachusetts 59,475 Northeast 28 WorcesterMassachusetts 58,291 Northeast 29 TroyNew York 56,747 Northeast 30 Kansas CityMissouri 55,785 Midwest 31 CambridgeMassachusetts 52,669 Northeast 32 SyracuseNew York 51,792 Northeast 33 ColumbusOhio 51,647 Midwest 34 PatersonNew Jersey 51,031 Northeast 35 ToledoOhio 50,137 Midwest 36 CharlestonSouth Carolina 49,984 South 37 Fall RiverMassachusetts 48,961 Northeast 38 MinneapolisMinnesota 46,887 Midwest 39 ScrantonPennsylvania 45,850 Northeast 40 NashvilleTennessee 43,350 South 41 ReadingPennsylvania 43,278 Northeast 42 WilmingtonDelaware 42,478 South 43 HartfordConnecticut 42,015 Northeast 44 CamdenNew Jersey 41,659 Northeast 45 Saint PaulMinnesota 41,473 Midwest 46 LawrenceMassachusetts 39,151 Northeast 47 DaytonOhio 38,678 Midwest 48 LynnMassachusetts 38,274 Northeast 49 AtlantaGeorgia 37,409 South 50 DenverColorado 35,629 West 51 OaklandCalifornia 34,555 West 52 UticaNew York 33,914 Northeast 53 PortlandMaine 33,810 Northeast 54 MemphisTennessee 33,592 South 55 SpringfieldMassachusetts 33,340 Northeast 56 ManchesterNew Hampshire 32,630 Northeast 57 St. JosephMissouri 32,431 Midwest 58 Grand RapidsMichigan 32,016 Midwest 59 HobokenNew Jersey 30,999 Northeast 60 HarrisburgPennsylvania 30,762 Northeast 61 WheelingWest Virginia 30,737 South 62 SavannahGeorgia 30,709 South 63 OmahaNebraska 30,518 Midwest 64 TrentonNew Jersey 29,910 Northeast 65 CovingtonKentucky 29,720 South 66 EvansvilleIndiana 29,280 Midwest 67 PeoriaIllinois 29,259 Midwest 68 MobileAlabama 29,132 South 69 ElizabethNew Jersey 28,229 Northeast 70 EriePennsylvania 27,737 Northeast 71 BridgeportConnecticut 27,643 Northeast 72 SalemMassachusetts 27,563 Northeast 73 QuincyIllinois 27,268 Midwest 74 Fort WayneIndiana 26,880 Midwest 75 New BedfordMassachusetts 26,845 Northeast 76 Terre HauteIndiana 26,042 Midwest 77 LancasterPennsylvania 25,769 Northeast 78 SomervilleMassachusetts 24,933 Northeast 79 Wilkes-BarrePennsylvania 23,339 Northeast 80 Des MoinesIowa 22,408 Midwest 81 DubuqueIowa 22,254 Midwest 82 GalvestonTexas 22,248 South 83 NorfolkVirginia 21,966 South 84 AuburnNew York 21,924 Northeast 85 HolyokeMassachusetts 21,915 Northeast 86 AugustaGeorgia 21,891 South 87 DavenportIowa 21,831 Midwest 88 ChelseaMassachusetts 21,782 Northeast 89 PetersburgVirginia 21,656 South 90 SacramentoCalifornia 21,420 West 91 TauntonMassachusetts 21,213 Northeast 92 OswegoNew York 21,116 Northeast 93 Salt Lake CityUtah 20,768 West 94 SpringfieldOhio 20,730 Midwest 95 Bay CityMichigan 20,693 Midwest 96 San AntonioTexas 20,550 South 97 ElmiraNew York 20,541 Northeast 98 NewportKentucky 20,433 South 99 PoughkeepsieNew York 20,207 Northeast 100 SpringfieldIllinois 19,743 Midwest
External links Library of Congress research guide for 1880 census - links to primary documents
References