The Treaty of Fond du Lac may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in Duluth, Minnesota between the United States and the Ojibwe (Chippewa) Native American peoples.
1826 Treaty of Fond du Lac
The first treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Lewis Cass and Thomas L. McKenney for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 5, 1826, proclaimed on February 7, 1827, and codified in the United States Statutes at Large as . The Ojibwe chiefs who were not in attendance to the First Treaty of Prairie du Chien agreed to its adhesion. The Ojibwe Nations granted to the United States the rights to minerals exploration and mining within Ojibwe lands located north of the Prairie du Chien Line. Provisions were also made for the Ojibwe living about Saint Mary's River. As addenda to this treaty, arrest warrants to certain individuals living outside the jurisdiction of the United States were issued and land grants to the Métis were made.
Signatories
# Location Recorded name Name (Translation/"Alias") 01 St. Marys Shin-gau-ba Was-sin Zhingaabewasin (Image Stone) 02 St. Marys She-wau-be-ke-toan Zhiiwaabikitoon (Jingles) 03 St. Marys Way-ish-kee 04 St. Marys Shee-gud Miishigaad (Hairy Leg) 05 St. Croix Band Pee-zhick-ee Bizhiki (Buffalo) 06 St. Croix Band No-den Noodin (Wind) 07 St. Croix Band Na-gwun-a-bee Negwanebi ("Tallest" [Quill]feather) 08 St. Croix Band Kau-be-map-pa Gaa-biimabi (He that sits to the side/"Wet Mouth") 09 St. Croix Band Chau-co-pee Zhaagobe (Six) ("Jack-O-Pa") 10 St. Croix Band Jau-beance [A]yaabens (Little Buck) 11 St. Croix Band Ul-tau-wau Odaawaa (Trader/"Ottawa") 12 St. Croix Band My-een-gun-sheens Ma'iinganzhiins (Little Bad-Wolf) 13 St. Croix Band Moa-so-mo-nee Máza-máni (Ironwalker) 14 St. Croix Band Muck-u-day peenaas Makade-bines (Black Bird) 15 St. Croix Band Shee-wee-tau-gun Zhiiwitaagan (Salt) 16 La Pointe Band Pee-xhick-ee Bizhiki (Buffalo) 17 La Pointe Band Kee-mee-wun Gimiwan (Rain) 18 La Pointe Band Kau-bu-zo-way 19 La Pointe Band Wy-au-wee-nind Wayaa-wiinind (One Who Will Be Named) 20 La Pointe Band Pee-kwauk-wo-to-an-se-kay Bikwaakodowaanzige (Ball of Dye) 21 Lac Courte Oreilles Band Pay-baum-ik-o-way 22 Lac du Flambeau Band Gitshee Waubeeshaans Gichi-waabizhesh (Big Marten) 23 Lac du Flambeau Band Moa-zo-nee Moozonii (Moose People) 24 Lac du Flambeau Band Git-shee Mi-gee-zee Gichi-migizi (Great Eagle) 25 Lac du Flambeau Band Mi-zhau-quot Mizhakwad (Clear Sky) 26 Ontonagon Keesh-kee-to-wug Giishkitawag (Cut Ear) 27 Ontonagon Pee-nay-see Binesi (Bird) 28 Ontonagon Mau-tau-gu-mee Madaagami (Choppy Waters) 29 Ontonagon Kwee-wee-zais-ish Gwiiwizhenzhish (Bad Boy) 30 Vermilion Lake At-tick-o-ans Adikoons (Little Elk) 31 Vermilion Lake Gy-ut-shee-in-i-nee Gayaachiinh-inini (Small Man) 32 Vermilion Lake Jauk-way [O]jaakwe (Has a Soul) 33 Vermilion Lake Mad-wag-ku-na-gee-zhig-waab 34 Vermilion Lake Jau-ko-gee-zhig-waish-kun Jaagogiizhigweshkang (Treads Against the Sky) 35 Vermilion Lake Nee-zbo-day Niizhoodenh (Twin) 36 Vermilion Lake Nun-do-chee-ais 37 Vermilion Lake O-gee-mau-gee-gid 38 Vermilion Lake An-nee-mee-kees Animikiins (Little Thunder) 39 Ontonagon Kau-waish-kung Gaaweshkaang (Moves Homeward) 40 Ontonagon Mau-tau-gu-mee Madaagami (Choppy Waters) 41 Snake River Way-mit-te-goash Wemitigoozh (Frenchman) 42 Snake River Isk-quag-wun-aa-bee Ishkwaagwanebi (End [Quill]feather) 43 Snake River Mee-gwun-aus Miigwanens (Little Feather) 44 Lac du Flambeau Band Pa-moos-say Bemose (Walking) 45 Lac du Flambeau Band May-tau-koos-ee-gay Metaakozige ([Smokes] Pure Tobacco) 46 Rainy Lake Aa-nub-kum-ig-ish-kunk Aanakamigishkaang ([Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground]) 47 Sandy Lake Band O-sau-mem-i-kee Ozaawinimikii (Yellow Thunder) 48 Sandy Lake Band Git-shee Way-mir-tee-go-ost Gichi-wemitigoozh (Big Frenchman) 49 Sandy Lake Band Paa-shu-nin-leel Beshaa-inini (Striped-man) 50 Sandy Lake Band Wau-zhus-ko-kok Wazhashkokon (Muskrat's Liver) 51 Sandy Lake Band Nit-um-o-gau-bow-ee Netamigaabawi (Stands First) 52 Sandy Lake Band Wat-tap Wadab (Spunk) 53 Fond du Lac Band Shin-goop Zhingob (Spruce) 54 Fond du Lac Band Mon-e-to-gee-zi-so-ans Manidoo-giiziswens (Little Sun-Spirit) 55 Fond du Lac Band Mong-a-zid Maangozid (Loon's Foot) 56 Fond du Lac Band Ma-ne-to-gee-zhig Manidoo-giizhig (Sky Spirit) 57 Fond du Lac Band O-jau-nee-mau-son 58 Fond du Lac Band Mis-kwau-tais Miskwaades ([Painted] Turtle) 59 Fond du Lac Band Nau-bu-nay-ger-zhig Nabane-giizhig (One-side of the Sky) 60 Fond du Lac Band Un-nau-wau-bun-daun Aanawaabandan (Look in Despair) 61 Fond du Lac Band Pau-tau-bay 62 Fond du Lac Band Mi-gee-see Migizi (Eagle) 63 Ontonagon Waub-ish-kee-pee-naas Waabishki-bines (White Bird) 64 Ontonagon Tweesh-tweesh-kee-way Jwiichwiishkiwenh (Plover) 65 Ontonagon Kun-de-kund Okandikan (Bouy) 66 Ontonagon O-guh-bay-au-nuh-quot-way-bee Ogabe-aanakwadwebi (Sit Upon The Cloud's End) 67 Ontonagon Pay-bau-mau-sing Bebaamaasing (Blown About) 68 Ontonagon Keesh-kee-mun Giishkimon (Whetstone/"Sharpened Knife") 69 Crow Wing River Mau-gu-gau-bo-wie 70 Crow Wing River Pu-dud Pítad (Muskrat's Liver) 71 Crow Wing River Naug-du-nosh Naaganaash (Leads by the Wind) 72 Crow Wing River O-zhus-kuck-oen Wazhashkokon (Muskrat's Liver) 73 Crow Wing River Waub-o-gee Waabojiig (White Fisher) 74 Crow Wing River Saw-ba-nosh 75 Crow Wing River Kee-way-den Giiwedin (North [Wind]) 76 Crow Wing River Git-shee-mee-win-i-nee 77 Crow Wing River Wy-nu-nee 78 Crow Wing River O-bu-mau-gee-zhig 79 Crow Wing River Pay-bou-mid-gee-wung Bebaamijiwang (Meandering Current) 80 Crow Wing River Mau-gee-gau-bou Maajigaabawi (Starts to Stand/"Stepping Ahead") 81 Crow Wing River Pay-bau-mo-gee-zhig Bebaamogiizhig (Sky Rambling) 82 Crow Wing River Kau-be-map-pa Gaa-bimabi (He that sits to the side) 83 Crow Wing River Way-mit-te-goa-zhu Wemitigoozhi (Frenchman) 84 Crow Wing River On-ju-pe-naas Aanji-bines (Changing Bird) 85 Crow Wing River Mad-way-os-sin Madwewasin (Hears Stones)
1847 Treaty of Fond du Lac
The second treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Issac A. Verplank and Henry Mower Rice for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 2, 1847, proclaimed on April 7, 1848, and codified as . This treaty ceded lands in a triangular area west of the Mississippi River, bounded by the Prairie du Chien Line, Mississippi River, Crow Wing River and Long Prairie River.
According to the oral histories of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, representatives from the Ho-Chunk Nation negotiated with the Lake Superior and Mississippi Chippewas before treaty discussions with the United States took place to guarantee the safety of the Ho-Chunk Nation which was about to be displaced from the Neutral Ground with the admission of much of Iowa Territory into the Union as the State of Iowa, in their Treaty of Washington (1846). The Ho-Chunk were supposed to be removed to the land ceded by the two 1847 Ojibwe treaties along the Long Prairie River (now in Minnesota). Many refused. Some fled to Wisconsin and some to Nebraska. The balance were removed to Minnesota in 1848 and a second removal occurred in 1850 which brought in another portion of the Ho-Chunk to the area. Due to frequent skirmishes by Ojibwe and Dakota bands against one another the Ho-Chunk could not avoid being attacked at times. The Ho-Chunk were unhappy with the land and were eventually relocated to an area near the Blue Earth River in southern Minnesota in 1855. After the Dakota rose up against whites in 1862 and the U.S.-Dakota war caused depopulation of southern Minnesota, many remaining Minnesota citizens were in no mood to allow the Ho-Chunk Nation to remain in the state, despite their neutrality during the hostilities. The Winnebago subsequently ceded their Minnesota lands to the United States per Treaty of Washington (1865) for relocation to South Dakota and then Nebraska. Meanwhile, the Ojibwe land ceded in 1847 remained in U.S. government hands and was eventually opened up to white settlement.
Signatories