In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the Late Pleistocene, before the Last Glacial Maximum and the settlement of the Americas).estimated at (95% CI) in:

In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central and Northeast Asia. Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).

Subclades There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.

D4 D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas.

Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas.

D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially Aleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c.

D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in Inuit of Canada and Greenland, is a branch of D4b1c.

D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese, Okinawans, Koreans, northern Han Chinese (e.g. from Lanzhou), and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the Hulunbuir region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak, Mongols and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner, and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner. D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Oroks of Sakhalin, the Buryats and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the Kalmyks of the Kalmyk Republic, the Telenghits and Kazakhs of the Altai Republic, and the Kyrgyz of Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture. It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave. Spread also all over China, the Himalayas, Central Asia, Siberia, and indigenous peoples of the Americas, with some cases observed in Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe. Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan D4* - China, Mongol from Heilongjiang and Hebei,Guang‐Lin He, Meng‐Ge Wang, Xing Zou, Hui‐Yuan Yeh, Chang‐Hui Liu, Chao Liu, Gang Chen, and Chuan‐Chao Wang. Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity[J]. J Syst Evol, 2023, 61(1): 230-250. doi: 10.1111/jse.12827 Korea, Japan, Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), USA, Russia, Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Greece

D1 – America D1a – Colombia D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião) D1a2 – Guaraní D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican D1d D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican D1d2 – Mexican D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró) D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena D1f2 – Colombia D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American) D1g – Southern Cone of South America D1g1 D1g1a D1g1b D1g2 D1g2a D1g3 D1g4 D1g5 D1g6 D1h D1h1 – Mexican D1h2 – Mexican D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic) D1i1 – Mexican D1i2 – Mexican D1j – Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina) D1j1 D1j1a D1j1a1 – Argentina D1j1a2 D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic) D1m – Mexican D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico D1r – Peru D1u D1u1 – Peru

D4a – China, Mongol from Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang), Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana), Pakistan (Saraiki), Mongolia D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi D4a1a – Japan D4a1a1 – Japan, Korea D4a1a1a – Japan D4a1b – Japan, Korea D4a1b1 – Japan D4a1c – Japan, Korea D4a1d – Japan D4a1e – Mainland China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa, Mongol from Shandong, Yakut D4a1e1 – Japan, Uyghurs D4a1f – Japan D4a1f1 – Japan D4a1g – China, Bargut D4a1h – Japan D4a2 – Japan, Korea D4a2a – Japan, Korea D4a2b – Japan D4a3 Mongol from Tongliao D4a3a D4a3a* – found exclusively in Koreans, parts of Northeast China at low frequency D4a3a1 – primarily found in Koreans, low frequency in Northern China D4a3a2 – Japan (high), South Korea (low) D4a3b D4a3b* – China, Mongol from Shenyang D4a3b1 – Japan, Korea, China（Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China, Pakistan (Kalash) D4a3b2 – Mainland China, Taiwan D4a4 – Japan D4a5 - Myanmar (Shan from Kachin State), China (Zhejiang, Chamdo, Korean from Antu County, Mongol from Tongliao) D4a6 - China (Eastern China, Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture), Mauritius D4a-b D4a-b* – China (Han Chinese from Taizhou, Zhejiang) D4a7 D4a7* – China D4a7a D4a7a* – Taiwan D4a7a1 – Taiwan (Hakka Han from Neipu, Pingtung) D4a7b D4a7b* – Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) D4a7b1 – China (Souther Han Chinese from Hunan), Taiwan (Minnan Han from Kaohsiung and Tsou from Alishan, Chiayi), Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi) Singapore (Malaysian) D4a8 – China D4b – Thailand (Thai from Central Thailand) D4b1 D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic, Volga Tatar from Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur, Mongol from Beijing, etc.) D4b1a D4b1a* – China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia, Mongol from Heilongjiang), South Korea, Thailand (Iu Mien from Nan Province) D4b1a1 – South Korea, Japan D4b1a1a – South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan D4b1a2 – Yukaghir, Neolithic Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug D4b1a2a D4b1a2a* – Hungary, Khamnigan, Han (Beijing) D4b1a2a1 – China (Bargut, Uyghur), Mongol, Kazakhstan, Karakalpak, Azeri, Turkey, Poland, Russia (Buryats in Buryat Republic and Irkutsk Oblast, Tubalars, Ayon, Yanranay, Karaginsky District), Inuit (Canada, Greenland), Canada, Native American (USA) D4b1a2a2 – Buryat, Todzhins, Tuvan D4b1b'd D4b1b - Mainland China, Taiwan D4b1b1 – Japan D4b1b1a – Japan D4b1b1a1 – Japan D4b1b2 – Japan, China (Han from Zhanjiang) D4b1d – China (Gelao from Daozhen) D4b1c D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, etc.), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska) D3b – Oroqen D3c D3c* – Buryat D3c1 D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula) D3c1a D3c1a1 D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia) D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire) D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia) D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River) D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia) D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP (Middle Jōmon period) Yokohama, China (Mongol from Hebei), Thailand (Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), India (Gallong) D4b2a – Japan D4b2a1 – Japan, China (Korean from Antu County) D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea D4b2a2a – Japan, Kyrgyzstan D4b2a2a1 – Japan, South Korea, China (Han from Dandong) D4b2a2a2 – Japan D4b2a2b – Japan D4b2b – China (Mongols from Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, etc.), South Korea, Japan, Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province), Saudi Arabia D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao, Uyghur, Persian D4b2b1a – Japan D4b2b1b – Japan D4b2b1c – Japan D4b2b1d – Japan D4b2b2 – China (Mongol from Chifeng and Heilongjiang, Tujia, Han from Lanzhou, etc.), Taiwan (Hakka) D4b2b2a – Mainland China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi) D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea D4b2b2c – China, Buryat D4b2b3 – Japan D4b2b4 – Northeast India (Sherdukpen), China, Russia (Tuvan) D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan D4b2b6 – Chinese (Shandong, Beijing, Lanzhou, Denver), Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Armenian D4b2b7 – Mainland China, Taiwan (Hakka) D4b2b8 – Uyghur D4b2b9 D4b2b9* – China, Xibo D4b2b9a D4b2b9a* – Buryat D4b2b9a1 – China D4b2c D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat) D4c D4c1 – Uyghur D4c1a – Japan, Korea D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz) D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet D4c1b2 – Japan D4c2 – Turkmenistan, Mongol from Chifeng D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Russia, Ukraine D4c2c – Japan D4d – Japan, Korea

D4e D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA D4e1a – Thailand (Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from Lanzhou, Mongol from Inner Mongolia, etc.), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan D4e1a1 – Japan, Chinese D4e1a2 – Thailand, Sonowal Kachari D4e1a2a – Japan, Korea D4e1a3 – China (Yao from Bama, Mongol from Alxa, etc.), Thailand (Hmong, Iu Mien), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Phù Lá) D2 – Uyghur, Mongol from Jilin and Chaoyang D2a'b D2a – Aleut, Tlingit D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada D2a1a – Aleut D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region), Mongol from Hulunbuir D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar) D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut D2c – Buryat D4e1c – Mexican D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American) D4e2a – Japan, Korea D4e2b – Japan D4e2c – Japan D4e2d – Japan D4e3 – Northeast Thailand (Black Tai, Saek), China, Mongol from Shenyang and Tongliao, Lachungpa D4e4 – Yakut, Ulchi, Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation D4e4a – Evenk, Even, Uyghur D4e4a1 – Yukaghir, Evenk, Even, Mongol from Shenyang D4e4b – Russian, Volga Tatar D4e5 D4e5a - Xinjiang (Uyghur, Kyrgyz), Russia (Altai Kizhi, Buryat), Inner Mongolia (Bargut), Iran (Qashqai), Japan (Aichi) D4e5b - Orok (Sakhalin), Even (Nelkan on the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region), Kyrgyz (Artux), Bashkortostan, Han Chinese (Lanzhou, Denver), Mongol from Fuxin and Heilongjiang D4f – Shor D4f1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol (Bargut, Chifeng, Chaoyang, Hebei)

D4g D4g* – Japan, Korea D4g1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Uzbekistan D4g1a – Japan D4g1b – Japan, Taiwan, Mongol from Xinjiang, Belarus D4g1c – Japan D4g2 – China, Mongols in China (Fuxin, Hinggan, Tongliao, Xilingol) D4g2a – Japan D4g2a1 – China, Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province), Mongols in China (Bargut, Beijing, Fuxin), Buryat, Khamnigan D4g2a1a – Japan D4g2a1b – China, Thailand (Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province) D4g2a1c – Thailand (Mon from Kanchanaburi Province and Ratchaburi Province), China, Wancho, Jammu and Kashmir D4g2b – China, Buryat D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi D4g2b1a – Japan

D4h D4h* – Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province), Philippines D4h1 D4h1* – China D4h1a - Korea, China (Liaoning Han) D4h1a1 – Japan, Korea, China (Beijing) D4h1a2 – Japan, Korea, China (Liaoning, Jilin, Tianjin, Shandong) D4h1b D4h1b-G10398A - China (Hunan Han, Zhejiang), Kyrgyzstan D4h1b-A16241G - Japan (Tokyo, Aichi) D4h1c – China (incl. Tu), Tibet D4h1c1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol from Shenyang D4h1d – Bargut D4h2 – Ulchi D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province) D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA, and Colombia. D4h3a1 – Chile D4h3a1a – Chile D4h3a1a1 – Chile D4h3a1a2 – Chile D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina D4h3a3 – Chile D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA D4h3a4 – Peru D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador D4h3a7 – ancient Canada D4h3a8 – Mexico D4h3a9 – Peru D4h3b – China