Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa.
Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are B, U (and thus K), F, R0 (and thus HV, H, and V), and JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T).
Origin Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.
This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Southern Dispersal out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia. It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago. The northern route out of Africa is another possibility, where the expansion of haplogroup R may originate from Southeast Asia.
Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia. Tribes and castes of Western and Southern India show higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status. Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the Southeast Asian coast.
Archaeogenetics The Ust'-Ishim man of Siberia, dated ca. 45,000 years old, belongs to haplogroup R* (formerly classified as U*).
Haplogroup R has also been observed among Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir archaeological site in Lower Egypt, which date from the late New Kingdom of Egypt, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, and Roman Egypt.
Subclade R2 was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from western Iran in Tepe Abdul Hosein.
Distribution Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia, Americas, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa and Horn of Africa.
The basal R* clade is found among the Soqotri (1.2%), as well as in Northeast Africa (1.5%), the Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the Arabian Peninsula (0.3%).
Subclades Haplogroup R R0 or pre-HV R0a or (preHV)1: Occurs commonly in the Arabian peninsula, with its highest frequency observed among the Soqotri. Moderate frequencies found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Central Asia. HV: It is a west Eurasian haplogroup mainly found throughout the Middle East, including Iran. It is also found in North Africa, Central Asia and South Asia. V: Found at moderately low frequencies around Europe; the highest frequency is in the Sami people 40%. HV1: Mainly in the Middle East. HV2: Mainly in South Asia. HV3: Mainly in Eastern Europe. H: In West Eurasia. It is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Europe. R1 R1a* (3337): Found in Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh (India). R1b: Observed in an Eastern hunter gatherer from Karelia, Russia, dated to 5500 BCE. R1b1: Observed in Bulgaria, Armenia (including an ancient specimen), and India R1b1a: Observed in Uyghurs R1b1b: Observed in Finland (including Finland Swedes) R1b2 R1b2a: Observed in Yakuts R1b2b: Observed in Uyghurs pre-JT or R2'JT R2: Present in low frequencies in Middle East, Pakistan, and India. Found in a few populations in the Volga basin. Found in Balochistan (Pakistan) (13500): Found in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (India). (150, 303+1C): In Iran, Georgia and Turkey. JT J: The highest frequency is in the Near East (12%), 21% in Saudi Arabia. J declines towards Europe at 11%, Caucasus 8%, North Africa 6% and becomes practically missing in East Asia. T: The highest frequency is in the Caspian region (Caucasus, Northern Iran, Turkmenistan). It is important in Europe (almost 10%),oxfordancestors.com Middle East, Central Asia, Pakistan and North Africa. Small frequency in the Horn of Africa and India. R3: Found in Armenia.Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree R Also observed in an ancient individual from Hungary, dating to 7000 years ago R5: Widely spread in the Indian subcontinent. Specially in Madhya Pradesh (India) at 17%. R5a R5a1: Found within the Indo-European speaking populations of India. R5a2: Specially among Dravidic groups of India and Sri Lanka. And Arain of Pakistan at 8%. R6'7 (16362) The most important presence is among Austroasiatic language-speakers from India (10%). R6: Small frequencies in India and Pakistan found prominently in both Tamil and Kashmiri populations. R7: In the Indian subcontinent. in R7a: Mainly in East India, specially in Santals from Bihar and Jharkhand. R7b: Specially in Dravidian tribes of East India. R8: The highest frequency occurs towards East India, especially within Orissa (12%), and it is found among the Austroasiatic tribes (Munda and Khasi speakers). It is also present in low frequency among speakers of Dravidian, Indo-European, and Tibeto-Burman (e.g. Nyishi, Changpa, Sherpa).Figure 4 in R8a: Found mainly in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (India). R8b: In Orissa, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh (India). R9 (16304) R9b: It appears mostly in Southeast Asia.Ian Logan 2009, Haplogrupo R9b, Mitochondrial DNA Site Found all over Indonesia, in Indochina, Malaysia, in Aboriginal Malays like Semelai at 28% and Temuan 21%. (249d) R9c: All over the Malay Archipelago and Taiwan. Mainly in Batak (Palawan) at 58%, the Tsou of Taiwan (22.9%),Albert Min-Shan Ko, Chung-Yu Chen, Qiaomei Fu, et al. (2014), "Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan." The American Journal of Human Genetics 94, 426–436, March 6, 2014. and Alor (Indonesia) at 11%. F: Fairly common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Higher frequencies occur in some areas like Nicobar at 50% and Arunachal Pradesh 31% (India), and Shors people from Siberia at 44%. There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Guangdong (China), Maluku (Indonesia), Thailand and Vietnam. R11'B (16189) R11: Found in China, mainly in Lahu people from Yunnan at 12.5%. Also in Japan, Korea,Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151. Chams, and Rajasthan (India). B B4: It is found often in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Madagascar and Indigenous peoples of the Americas. B5: Spread in East Asia and Southeast Asia. R24: Found in Philippines. R12'21 R12: Found in Australia. R21: In indigenous peoples of Malaysia like Jahai Negritos at 63% and Senoi 37% as well as in the Maniq of Southern Thailand and in a few other Thai and Malaysian individuals. R14: Found in Papua New GuineaHaplogroup R14, Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site and in Austronesian speakers of East Timor and Lembata. R22 or R12: Very frequent in the Shompen (10/29 = 34.5%). Elsewhere found mainly in south-central Indonesia (11.4% Mataram, 8.0% Waingapu, 7.3% Bali, 1.9% Borneo) and in Cham of Bình Thuận, Vietnam (7/168 = 4.2%), with singleton or sporadic occurrences in Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and Alor. R23: Small clade found in Bali and Sumba (Indonesia). R30 R30a: Found in Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh (India), in the Tharu people from Nepal and Sinhalese people from Sri Lanka. R30b: Found in Punjab. R30* (1598, 16189): Found in Punjab, Nepal and Japan. R31 R31a: In Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh and Rajputs from Rajasthan (India). R31b: In Reddys from Andhra Pradesh (India). R32 Found in Mauritius P: It is characteristic of Sahul. Found in Philippines and East Indonesia. (16176) P1: Widespread in Melanesia. Higher frequencies occur in Papua New Guinea. Also found in Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Polynesia. P2'10 P2: In Melanesia, specially in New Guinea and New Caledonia. P10: Found in Philippines. P9 (or AuE): In Aboriginal Australians from the central region.Harding, Rosalind 2006, Gene tree analyses of Aboriginal Australians. University of Oxford P3: In Australia and Melanesia. P4: In Australia and Melanesia. U U1: It appears mostly in the Middle East and Caucasus. Found from India to the Mediterranean and to the rest of Europe.mtDNA Haplogroup U1a page at cagetti.com U5: Approximately 11% of total Europeans and 10% of European-Americans. The highest frequency is in the Sami people. U6: It is common in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, especially in the Maghreb. Highest frequencies of the subclade occur among Algerian Berbers (29%) and Egyptian Copts (27.6%). U6 has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt prehistoric site. U2'3'4'7'8'9 (1811): Widely spread in West Eurasia and the Indian subcontinent. U8 K
Tree This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
R R0 (formerly pre-HV) R0a'b R0a R0a1 R0a1a R0a1a1 R0a1a1a R0a1a2 R0a1a3 R0a1a4 R0a1-T152C! R0a1b R0a-60.1T R0a2'3 R0a2 R0a2a R0a2a1 R0a2b R0a2c R0a2d R0a2e R0a2f R0a2f1 R0a2f1a R0a2f1b R0a2g R0a2h R0a2i R0a2-T195C! R0a2j R0a2k R0a2k1 R0a2l R0a2m R0a2n R0a3 R0a3a R0a4 R0b HV HV0 (formerly pre-V) HV0a HV0a1 HV0a1a V HV0-T195C! HV0b HV0c HV0d HV0e HV0f HV0g HV1 HV1a'b'c HV1a HV1a1 HV1a1a HV1a1b HV1a2 HV1a2a HV1a2b HV1a3 HV1a3a HV1b HV1b1 HV1b1a HV1b1b HV1b-T152C! HV1b2 HV1b3 HV1b3a HV1b3b HV1c HV1d HV-A73G! HV2 HV2a HV2a1 HV2a2 HV2a3 HV20 HV4 HV4a HV4a1 HV4a1-C16291T HV4a1a HV4a1a1 HV4a1a2 HV4a1a3 HV4a1a4 HV4a2 HV4a2a HV4a2b HV4b HV4c HV5 HV5a HV5b HV-T16311C! HV6 HV6a HV7 HV8 HV9 HV9-T152C! HV9a HV9a1 HV9a1a HV9b HV9c HV10 HV11 HV11a HV14 HV14a HV15 HV16 HV17 HV17a HV22 HV23 HV24 HV12 HV12a HV12a1 HV12b HV12b1 HV12b1a HV13 HV13a HV13b HV18 HV19 HV21 H R1 R1a R1a1 R1a1a R1a1a1 R1a1a1a R1a1a2 R1a1b R1a1c R1b R1b1 R2'JT R2 R2-T13500C R2-T13500C-T195C! R2a R2b R2b1 R2c R2d JT J T R5 R5a R5a1 R5a1a R5a2 R5a2a R5a2b R5a2b1 R5a2b2 R5a2b3 R5a2b4 R6'7 R6 R6-G16129A! R6a R6a1 R6a1a R6a2 R6b R7 R7a'b R7a R7a1 R7a1a R7a1b R7a1b1 R7a1b2 R7b R7b1 R7b1a R7b1a1 R7b2 R8 - India R8a - Sri Lanka R8a1 R8a1a R8a1a1 R8a1a1a R8a1a1a1 R8a1a1a1a R8a1a1a2 R8a1a1b R8a1a1c R8a1a1d R8a1a2 R8a1a2a R8a1a3 - South Africa, Norway R8a1-T16093C R8a1b R8a2 R8b R8b1 R8b1a R8b2 (16304) R9 R9b - Cambodia, Thailand (Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province and Roi Et Province), Guinea R9b1 - China, Uyghur, Thailand (Mon in Central Thailand, Thai in Western Thailand), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Vietnam (La Hủ), Denmark R9b1a R9b1a1 - Philippines (Mamanwa) R9b1a1a - China, Thailand (Karen and Thai Lue in Northern Thailand, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province, Thai in Central Thailand and Eastern Thailand), Cambodia (Banteay Meanchey), Malaysia (Semelai, aboriginal Malay), Singapore, Indonesia (Tengger, Palembang, Padang, Manado), Vietnam (Giarai) R9b1a2 - Taiwan (Tsou), Thailand (Lao Isan in Loei Province, Thai in Western Thailand) R9b1a2a - China (Han from Tai'an, etc.), Vietnam (Tay, etc.), Russia (Tubalar) R9b1a2b - China, Taiwan (Minnan, Hakka), Vietnam (Tay), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province, Tai Khuen from Northern Thailand) R9b1a3 - Thailand, China (Han, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Nùng, etc.), Kazakhstan R9b1b - China, Vietnam, Cambodia (Siem Reap), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province, Tai Yuan from Central Thailand, Mon from Northern Thailand) R9b2 - Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam R9c - China (Barghut from Hulun Buir), Taiwan R9c1 R9c1a - Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan (Makatao), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province) R9c1a1 - Taiwan (Makatao, Rukai, Puyuma, etc.), Guam R9c1a2 - Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun) R9c1a3 - Philippines (Batak of Palawan) R9c1b