The following is a timeline of the Kashmir conflict, a territorial conflict between India, Pakistan and, to a lesser degree, China. India and Pakistan have been involved in four wars and several border skirmishes over the issue.
1846–1945: Princely state Kashmir Valley was a Muslim-majority region speaking the Kashmiri language and had a distinct culture called Kashmiriyat.
Prem Nath Bazaz, Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir, New Delhi 1954, pp.140-166 The Maharaja accepted these recommendations but delayed implementation, leading to protests in 1934. The Maharaja granted a constitution providing a legislative assembly for the people, but it was powerless.
Soon afterwards, the younger leaders of the Muslim Conference pleaded for broadening the party to include all the people of the state.
Two independent candidates that won were said to have joined the Muslim Conference afterwards. At the same time, the National Conference joined the All India States Peoples Conference, a Congress-allied group of movements in princely states.
1946–1947: Kashmir unrest and accession 1946
Early 1947
April 1947 The exodus increased in June and continued until August.
May 1947
June 1947
A. G. Noorani, Relevance of U.N. resolutions, Frontline, 5 February 2016.
July 1947
August 1947
According to Major General Henry Lawrence Scott, the Chief of Staff of State Forces, they had been incited by 30 Muslims from West Punjab that entered the State a few days earlier.
September 1947
: 'Once past Kahuta, the two leaders were apparently whisked away to Liaquat Ali Khan by military personnel. The meeting was a hush-hush affair, attended by Sardar Shaukat Hayat, Mian Iftikharuddin, Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan and General Sher Khan besides some other officers. "We were told about the plan to attack Kashmir. Liaquat Ali Khan said that it would all be over within hours. The Frontier government was to mastermind the attack from Garhi Abdullah while the Punjab government would control the attack from Kahuta to Jammu."'
: "It was only on September 22 that the Muslim conference convention which met at Srinagar under the presidency of Chaudri Hamidullah Khan, took a decision favouring accession to Pakistan.": "On 22nd September (1947) a convention of the prominent workers of the J&K Muslim Conference held in Srinagar under the presidency of Hamidullah Khan (again) adopted a resolution demanding that the State should accede to Pakistan. Hamidullah presented a memorandum to General Janak Singh - Prime Minister, impressing upon him 'the desirability of taking a speedy decision about the accession issue in accordance with the desire of the overwhelming population of the people'."
Henry Lawrence Scott, the Chief of Staff of the State Forces left his position. About 100,000 Muslims from East Punjab and an equal number of non-Muslims from West Punjab were safely escorted through Jammu by the State Forces.
October 1947
, stated to be the beginning of the 1947 Jammu violence.
This stalled due to the impending invasion.
Pakistan Covert Support Thousands of Pashtuns from Pakistan's North West Frontier Province, recruited covertly by the Pakistani Army, invaded Kashmir along with the Poonch rebels, allegedly incensed by atrocities against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engaged in looting and killing along the way. Pro-Pakistan members of the Maharaja's army rebelled at Domel (Muzaffarabad) and took control of the Jhelum river bridge.
Batra carried a message from the Maharaja which requested military assistance and proposed accession to India.
quoted at Valorous Actions of Kashmir War , Pak Army Museum, retrieved 16 March 2017.
until such time as the will of the people could be ascertained.
Tribesmen again poured into Kashmir.
November 1947
6 November became a remembrance day in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir.
The day is remembered as the "Mirpur day" in Indian-administered Jammu.
However, the agreement was vetoed by Jinnah: "No commitments should be made without my approval of terms of settlement. Mr. Liaquat has agreed and promised to abide by this understanding," read his note to the ministers. The next day, India's Defence Committee was informed that Pakistan was reinforcing the tribesmen.
December 1947
1948: War and diplomacy January 1948
February–April 1948
No reinforcements were possible due to closure of the Zoji La pass by winter snows. The Ladakhis appealed to Nehru for help.
May 1948
July 1948
August–December 1948
1949–1962: Plebiscite conundrum 1949
As per the 1948 and 1949 UNCIP Resolutions, both countries accepted the principle that Pakistan would secure the withdrawal of Pakistani intruders followed by withdrawal of Pakistani and Indian forces, as a basis for the formulation of a truce agreement, the details of which were to be determined, followed by a plebiscite. However, the countries failed to arrive at a truce agreement due to differences in interpretation of the procedure for and extent of demilitarisation, one of them being whether the Azad Kashmiri army was to be disbanded during the truce stage or the plebiscite stage.
1950 A. G. Noorani, The Dixon Plan, Frontline, 12 October 2002.
1951 Liaquat Ali Khan displayed a clenched fist in defiance. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 91 to the effect that such elections did not substitute a plebiscite.
1952
, which provided for the autonomy of the State within India and the autonomy for regions within the State.
1953
Large protests were held in Delhi and other parts of the country.
1954
He stated his concerns about the cold-war alignments and that such an alliance affects the Kashmir issue. India resisted plebiscite efforts from this point.
1955–1957
Sheikh Abdullah; M.Y.Taing (1985), p711-717
India's Home Minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, during his visit to Srinagar, declared that the State of Jammu and Kashmir was an integral part of India and there can be no question of a plebiscite to determine its status afresh. India continued to resist plebiscite efforts.
1959–1962
1963–1987: Rise of Kashmiri nationalism 1963–1969
Sheikh Abdullah was released after 11 years. A. G. Noorani, Article 370: Law and Politics , Frontline, 16 September 2000.
1970–1979
The Plebiscite Front was dissolved and renamed the National Conference. Sheikh Abdullah assumed the position of Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir after an 11-year gap.
Amanullah Khan was elected as its General Secretary the following year. The Mujahideen so recruited would, in the late 1980s, take on their own agenda of establishing Islamic rule in Kashmir.
1980–1986
1987–present: Kashmir Insurgency 1987–1989 The MUF candidate, Mohammad Yousuf Shah, a victim of the rigging and state's mistreatment, took the name Syed Salahuddin and would become chief of the militant outfit Hizb-ul-Mujahideen. His election aides called the HAJY group - Abdul Hamid Shaikh, Ashfaq Majid Wani, Javed Ahmed Mir and Mohammed Yasin Malik - would join the JKLF. : "Undaunted, Musharraf had in 1988 been called on by General Beg to put down a Shia riot in Gilgit, in the north of Pakistan. Rather than get the Pakistan army bloodied, he inducted a tribal band of Pashtun and Sunni irregulars, many from the SSP which had recently put out a contract on Bhutto, led by the mercenary Osama bin Laden (who had been hired by Hamid Gul to do the same four years earlier)."
1990–1999
Mir Ehsan, Kashmir's first blood, The Indian Express, 1 May 2005.
2001–2009
2010–2018
Indian authorities claimed that this was a vote of the Kashmiri people in favour of democracy of India.
2019–present
According to a 6 September 2019 report of the Indian government, nearly 4,000 people have been arrested and many were tortured. The report also claimed children were detained, which was later found to be false in December 2019. More than 200 politicians, including two former chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), along with more than 100 leaders and activists from All Parties Hurriyat Conference were detained in the disputed region.
See also Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir Rape during the Kashmir conflict Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir Stone Pelting in Kashmir Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus Politics of Jammu and Kashmir Elections in Jammu and Kashmir History of Kashmir Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Kashmir conflict Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 Sino-Indian War Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Kargil War 2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff Siachen conflict Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) India–Pakistan military confrontation (2016–present) 2016–17 Kashmir unrest Timeline of the Kashmir conflict (1846–1946) List of topics on the land and the people of "Jammu and Kashmir" List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir
References
Bibliography
External links Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA; University of California at Berkeley Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list Kashmir Historical Timeline A peep into Kashmir History and timeline