Fort Edward is a National Historic Site of Canada in Windsor, Nova Scotia, (formerly known as Pisiguit) and was built during Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755). The British built the fort to help prevent the Acadian Exodus from the region.Salusbury, Expeditions of Honour edited by Rompkey p. 91 The Fort is most famous for the role it played both in the Expulsion of the Acadians (1755) and in protecting Halifax, Nova Scotia from a land assault in the American Revolution. While much of Fort Edward has been destroyed, including the officers' quarters (which burned down in 1922) and barracks, the blockhouse that remains is the oldest extant in North America.Paul Erickson (EditTr), Jonathan Fowler (Editor). Underground Nova Scotia: Stories of Archaeology. Nimbus Publishing (29 Sep 2010) A cairn was later added to the site.
Father Le Loutre's War
Despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by ethnic French Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. Father Le Loutre's War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived with 13 transports on 21 June 1749 to establish Halifax.; Thomas Beamish Akins. History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7 To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian, and French attacks on the new British Protestant settlements, the latter erected fortifications in Halifax (1749), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1749), Dartmouth (1750), Lunenburg (1753), and Lawrencetown (1754).
Within 18 months of establishing Halifax, the British took firm control of peninsular Nova Scotia by building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor (Fort Edward); Grand Pre (Fort Vieux Logis) and Chignecto (Fort Lawrence). (A British fort - Fort Anne - already existed at the other major Acadian centre of Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. Cobequid was not fortified.)
Fort Edward was the site of the Acadian church for the parish of l'Assomption (established 1722).Stephan Bujold (2004). "L'Acadie vers 1550: Essai de chronologie des paroisses acadiennes du bassin des Mines (Minas Basin, NS) avant le Grand derangement". SCHEC Etudes d'histoire religieuse, 70 (2004), 59-79. Note: There is debate over the date of founding the church in the parish l'Assomption. Based on primary sources, Stephan Bujold determined that St. Famille was established in 1698, while l'Assomption was not established until 1722. After initially failing to take the settlements of Chignecto, Major Charles Lawrence, on 7 June 1750, he had Acadians destroy their church so that Fort Edward could be built in its place.Winslow's journal In early March 1750, the Acadians and Mi'kmaq took three English prisoners.Akins, p. 174 Gorham was ordered to Fort Edward. On Gorham's march to Pisiquid to secure the area prior to building Fort Edward, the Rangers engaged the Mi'kmaq in the Battle at St. Croix (1750).
The Fort was named by Gorham for Edward Cornwallis, who established Halifax, Nova Scotia.
On 9 May 1750, Phillips was fired on by French and Native.In his Journal on 9 May 1750, Joshua Winslow wrote about the altercation: "Phillips went to Pisquitt for the timber, left there, was fired upon by some Indians and French, and the 10th returned to Halifax." On 14 May, he wrote: "Phillips and Rous returned from a cruise, having had a skirmish with the French and Indians." Capt. John Rous was in a skirmish off Fort Edward at the same time, where he killed two native people, whose comrades took their bodies.On 13 May 1750, the Country Journal or the Craftsman: 1750 published an extract from a "Letter from a Gentleman at Halifax, May 25": "The Indians have lately appeared at Pisguit, and capt. John Rous, and capt. Phillips have each had a skirmish with them from their vessels. The former, we hear, killed or wounded two of them so bad, that they were carried off by the enemy."
At first Alexander Murray commanded at Fort Sackville. In September 1751 he was given command of Fort Edward, where he remained for most of the ensuing seven years, except for a tour of duty at Halifax in 1753. On 12 December 1752, Murray was charged by the Nova Scotia Council with exploiting the local Acadian community by paying unfair prices for supplies and randomly imprisoning some of the men.Beamish Murdoch. A History of Nova Scotia, Vol 2, p. 213.
On 1 November 1753, Captain Hale was relieved by Commander Floyer as the commander of Fort Edward.
Fort Edward, Fort Lawrence, and Fort Anne were all supplied by and dependent on the arrival of Captains Cobb, Jeremiah Rogers or John Taggart, in one of the government sloops. These vessels took the annual or semi-annual relief to their destination. They carried the officers and their families to and from, as required.
French and Indian War
Fort Edward played an important role in the Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755) of the Acadian Expulsion. Shortly after the Battle of Fort Beauséjour on the eve of the Expulsion, the commander at Fort Edward Captain Alexander Murray wrote his wife saying, the Acadians "are in as great anxiety as I am about their fate". A month later, at exactly the same time as Lieutenant Colonel John Winslow read the expulsion orders in Grand Pré; 5 September at 15:00 hrs, Captain Murray read the order to the 183 Acadian males he had imprisoned at Fort Edward. On 20 October 920 Acadians from Pisiquid were loaded on to four transports. Unlike at the neighbouring community of Grand Pré, the English did not burn and destroy the buildings at Pisiquid. As a result, when the New England Planters arrived, many houses and barns were available for use.Gwyn, Julian. Planter Nova Scotia 1760-1815: New Port Township. Wolfville: Kings-Hants Heritage Connection. 2010. p. 23 Fort Edward was one of four forts in which Acadians were imprisoned over the nine years of the expulsion (the others were Fort Frederick, Saint John, New Brunswick; Fort Cumberland; and Fort Charlotte, Georges Island, Halifax). On average, over a period of nine years, 350 Acadian prisoners at a time were held at the garrison.Nova Scotia Historical Society, p. 27http://ourroots.ca/page.aspx?id=319604&&qryID=60348682-7e4b-4d37-bac4-989d6a29898f
Raids on Fort Edward Both the Acadians and Mi'kmaq resisted the Expulsion. In September 1756, a group of 100 Acadians ambushed a party of thirteen soldiers of the 47th Regiment of Foot who were working outside the fort. They took seven men prisoner, and six escaped back to the fort.Boston Evening Post, 18 October 1756, p.2
In April 1757, a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq partisans raided a warehouse near Fort Edward, killing thirteen British soldiers. After taking what provisions they could carry, they set fire to the building. A few days later, the same partisans raided Fort Cumberland. Because of the strength of the Acadian militia and Mi'kmaq militia, British officer John Knox wrote that "In the year 1757 we were said to be Masters of the province of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, which, however, was only an imaginary possession." He said that the situation in the province was so precarious for the British that the "troops and inhabitants" at Fort Edward, Fort Sackville and Lunenburg "could not be reputed in any other light than as prisoners."Knox. Vol. 2, p. 443 Bell, p. 514
In the early 1760s it was illegal for Acadians to reside in Nova Scotia; families and individuals who had avoided capture in 1755 were imprisoned.Geoffrey Plank. An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia. University of Pennsylvania, 2001, p. 164 The prison lists for Fort Edward between 1761 and 1762 still exist (For a list of the prisoners see List of Acadian Prisoners - Fort Edward).Regis Brun. La Societe Historique Acadienne, July/ August 1969, Moncton, New Brunswick (This article references the primary source as Archives nationals, Fonds des Colonies, C. 12 (Correspondance generale, Sainte Pierre et Miquelon, vol. 1, f. 22-26.)) Also see Manuscripts of Chief Justice Deschamps 1750-1800, NSARM- Family Papers - Deschamps, Isaac - Vol. 32. In 1762, one of the most famous prisoners, Acadian Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil) was imprisoned here. Between June 1763 and 1764, in the Minas region, the British authorities took 363 Acadians into custody at Fort Edward.
While prisoners, the Acadians were forced to work for the New England Planters to establish their farmlands. When the war finished, rather than stay and work as subordinates, the Acadians settled with their compatriots in present-day New Brunswick and Saint Pierre and Miquelon.Geoffery Plank. An Unsettled Conquest. University of Pennsylvania, 2001. p. 164
Notable prisoners Acadian Joseph Broussard Father Henri Daudin Father Jacques Girard
Commanders Captain John Gorham (Gorham's Rangers (1750)p. 43http://ourroots.ca/page.aspx?id=319617&qryID=60348682-7e4b-4d37-bac4-989d6a29898f Captain William Phipps, Commander of Fort Edward, died c. Feb. 1751. Eldest son of Acting Governor of Massachusetts Spencer PhipsThe Pennsylvania Gazette 19 March 1751 Capt George St. Loe (military officer) (40th) (1751) Capt. Patrick Sutherland, (45th Regiment) (1751) Capt John Hale (47th) (1753) Capt Matthew Floyer, 1 Nov. (1753–54)Murdoch, p. 225 Nicholas Cox (47th), (1754–56) Capt. Alexander Murray, (1754–55) Capt Murray, Capt. Cox, on 5 December 1755, they were reinforced by Capt. William Lampson's and Capt Silvanus Cobb's companies of the first battalion of Governor Shirley's Massachusetts regiment (which was led by John Winslow) Capt. Cox, Capt. Lampson, Capt. Cobb (1756) Colonel Quintin Kennedy, regiment, under Lord Loudon, (Aug., 1757.) Capt Daniel Fletcher (military officer)Bates and Fletcher genealogical register, p. 49Fletcher's regimental records of Col Joseph Frye's Massachusetts regiment (1758–59). Capt Jotham Gay of Col. John Thomas' Massachusetts regiment (1759–1760) Capt. Edmund Wetmough (1760)The Planter Roots of Thomas Chandler Haliburton by GMK Haliburton · 1991 Capt Jotham Gay of Col. Nathanial Thwing (Nathan) (1759–60), 14 May 1760, to 10 Jan. 1761.
Gallery
American Revolution
During the American Revolution the 84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants), 2nd Battalion were stationed at Forts throughout Atlantic Canada. Fort Edward was the headquarters for the 84th Regiment in Atlantic Canada. The 84th Regiment moved from Halifax to Fort Edward to guard against a land assault on Halifax. Throughout the war, Fort Edward housed prisoners taken from American Privateering ships.
The Jacobite heroine Flora MacDonald spent the winter of 1778 - 1779 at the Fort with her husband, Alan Macdonald, before she returned alone to Scotland.
War of 1812 Fort Edward was also active during the War of 1812. During this time, the Fort continued to protect Nova Scotia against assault by American Privateers.
Fort Edward remained part of the British defenses in Nova Scotia until 1858.
World War I
During World War I, it was utilized as a training depot for Canadian and British soldiers. The site became known informally as "Camp Fort Edward" for the duration of the war. Among the recruits passing through the camp was the ill-fated Hollywood film director William Desmond Taylor.