This is a "genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed in alphabetic order. Any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.
ALGOL based ALGOL (also under Fortran) Atlas Autocode ALGOL 58 (IAL, International Algorithmic Language) MAD and GOM (Michigan Algorithm Decoder and Good Old MAD) ALGOL 60 MAD/I Simula (see also Simula based) SETL ABC Python Julia (also under Lisp, Ruby, ALGOL) Nim (also under Oberon) Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell) Boo Cobra (syntax and features) ALGOL 68 ALGOL W Pascal Ada SPARK PL/SQL Turbo Pascal Object Pascal (Delphi) Free Pascal (FPC) Kylix (same as Delphi, but for Linux) Euclid Concurrent Euclid Turing Turing+ (Turing Plus) Object-Oriented Turing Mesa Modula-2 Modula-3 Oberon (Oberon-1) Go (also under C) V (Vlang) Nim (also under Python) Oberon-2 Component Pascal Active Oberon Zonnon Oberon-07 Lua (also under Scheme and SNOBOL) SUE Plus CPL BCPL B C (see also C based)
APL based APL A+ J (also under FL) K (also under LISP) NESL PDL (also under Perl)
BASIC based BASIC (also under Fortran II) AmigaBASIC Applesoft BASIC AMOS BASIC BASIC Stamp Basic-256 BASIC09 BBC Basic Blitz BASIC Blitz3D BlitzMax BlitzPlus Business Basic Caché Basic Chinese BASIC Color BASIC COMAL Commodore BASIC DarkBASIC DarkBASIC Professional Dartmouth BASIC HP Time-Shared BASIC Integer BASIC or Apple BASIC Tiny BASIC Atari BASIC Euphoria GLBasic GRASS Altair BASIC Microsoft BASIC GW-BASIC QuickBASIC QBasic Basic4GL FreeBASIC Liberty BASIC Run BASIC Visual Basic VBScript Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) LotusScript Visual Basic .NET Small Basic B4X Basic for Qt OpenOffice Basic HBasic Gambas WinWrap Basic WordBasic QB64 PureBasic REALbasic (Xojo) TI-BASIC True BASIC Turbo Basic PowerBASIC wxBasic SdlBasic RCBasic XBasic YaBasic
Batch languages MS-DOS Batch files Winbatch CLIST IBM Control Language (CL) IBM Job Control Language (JCL)
C based C (also under BCPL) Lua Alef C++ Rust (also under Cyclone, Haskell, and OCaml) D C# Windows PowerShell (also under DCL, ksh, and Perl) Cobra (class/object model and other features)
Java (see also Java based) C-- Cyclone Rust (also under C++, Haskell, and OCaml) ColdFusion Go (also under Oberon) V (Vlang) Harbour Limbo LPC Pike Objective-C (also under Smalltalk) Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell) PCASTL (also under Lisp) Perl Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and ksh) S2 PHP Ruby (also under Smalltalk) Julia (also under Lisp, Python, ALGOL) Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell) Crystal Elixir (also under Erlang) PDL (also under APL) Raku QuakeC tcsh (also under sh)
C# based C# Chapel Clojure Crystal D J# Dart F# Hack Java Kotlin Nemerle Oxygene Rust Swift Vala TypeScript
COBOL based COBOL ABAP DIBOL WATBOL
COMIT based COMIT SNOBOL Icon Unicon Lua (also under Modula and Scheme)
DCL based DCL Windows PowerShell (also under C#, ksh, and Perl)
ed based ed (programming language) sed AWK Perl (also under C)
Eiffel based Eiffel Cobra (design by contract) Sather Ubercode
Forth based Forth InterPress PostScript Joy Factor Rebol (also under Lisp) RPL (also under Lisp)
Fortran based Fortran Fortran II BASIC (see also BASIC based) SAKO Fortran IV WATFOR WATFIV Fortran 66 FORMAC Ratfor Fortran 77 WATFOR-77 Ratfiv Fortran 90 Fortran 95 F Fortran 2003 Fortran 2008 Fortran 2018
ALGOL (see also ALGOL based)
FP based FP (Function Programming) FL (Function Level) J (also under APL) FPr (also under Lisp and object-oriented programming)
HyperTalk based HyperTalk ActionScript (also under JavaScript) AppleScript LiveCode (Formerly Transcript) SenseTalk SuperTalk
Java based Java (also under C) Ateji PX C# Ceylon Fantom Groovy OptimJ Processing Scala Join Java J# Kotlin X10
JavaScript based JavaScript (also under Scheme, Self) ActionScript (also under HyperTalk) Haxe Asm.js CoffeeScript ECMAScript JavaScript OSA JScript TypeScript AssemblyScript
JOSS based JOSS CAL TELCOMP FOCAL MUMPS Caché ObjectScript JOSS also inspired features for several versions of BASIC, including Tymshare's SUPER BASIC and DEC's BASIC-PLUS.
Lisp based Lisp Arc AutoLISP Clojure Common Lisp uLisp (Common Lisp subset for microcontrollers) ECMAScript (also based on Self) JavaScript (also based on Self) Emacs Lisp ISLISP Interlisp Julia (has Lisp-like macros, but ALGOL-like syntax) (also under Python, Ruby, ALGOL) K (also under APL) LFE Logo Turtle graphics MacLisp Nu PicoLisp Rebol Red (programming language) RPL (also under Forth) S R PCASTL (also under ALGOL) Scheme GNU Guile Racket Hop Pico T Lua (also under Modula and SNOBOL)
ML based ML Standard ML (SML) Caml OCaml F# Reason Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and Haskell)
PL/I based PL/I PL/M PL/C Rexx Object REXX (also under Smalltalk) SP/k XPL
Prolog based Prolog CLP(R), CLP(FD) Mercury Erlang Cuneiform Elixir (also under Ruby) Logtalk
SASL based SASL Kent Recursive Calculator Miranda Haskell Agda Elm Idris Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and OCaml) Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Objective-C) PureScript Nix
SETL based SETL ABC Python (also under ALGOL) Julia (also under Lisp, Ruby, ALGOL) Nim (also under Oberon) Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell) Boo Cobra (syntax and features)
sh based Sh bash csh (also under C) tcsh Hamilton C shell fish zsh ksh Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and Perl) Qshell
Simula based Simula (also under ALGOL 60) C++ (also under C) Smalltalk Objective-C (hybrid of C and Smalltalk) Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell) Cobra (support both dynamic and static types) Ruby (also under Perl) Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell) Elixir (also under Erlang) Self JavaScript (also under Scheme) (see also JavaScript based) NewtonScript Io Object REXX (also under Rexx) BETA
Tcl based Tcl Expect Tea
Others Assembly BLISS CORAL Curl GPSS IDL LabVIEW NXT-G Microsoft Power Fx occam POP-2, POP-11 REFAL RPG (Report Program Generator) Seed7 SQL (Structured Query Language) TACL (Tandem Advanced Command Language) TUTOR Joule E Pony
References
External links
Diagram & history of programming languages