was a after Kankō and before Kannin. This period spanned the years from December 1012 through April 1017.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Chōwa" in ; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see . The reigning emperors were and .Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 154-155; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 307; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 195.
Change of era 1012 : The era name was changed to mark Emperor Sanjō's accession in the previous year.Titsingh, p. 154; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 195. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Kankō 9, on the 25th day of the 12th month of 1012.Brown, p. 307.
Events of the Chōwa era 1012 (Chōwa 1, 8th month): Emperor Sanjō marries a daughter of kampaku Fujiwara no Michinaga.Titsingh, p. 155. 1016 (Chōwa 4, 11th month): A great fire broke out in the Imperial palace; and it was reduced to cinders. March 10, 1016 (Chōwa 5, 29th day of the 1st month): In the 5th year of Emperor Sanjō's reign (三条天皇5年), he abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by a cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Ichijō is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).Titsingh, pp. 155-156; Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
Notes
References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 6042764
External links National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection