Post-romanticism or Postromanticism refers to a range of cultural endeavors and attitudes emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, after the period of Romanticism.
In literature The period of post-romanticism in poetry is defined as the mid-to-late nineteenth century, but includes the much earlier poetry of Letitia Elizabeth Landon and Tennyson.Richard Bradford, A Linguistic History of English Poetry, New York: Routledge, 1993, p. 134. .
Notable post-romantic writers Herman MelvilleRobert Milder, Exiled Royalties: Melville and the Life We Imagine, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 41. Thomas Carlyle Gustave FlaubertStephen Heath, Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 13. .
In music Post-romanticism in music refers to composers who wrote classical symphonies, operas, and songs in transitional style that constituted a blend of late romantic and early modernist musical languages. Arthur Berger described the mysticism of La Jeune France as post-Romanticism rather than neo-Romanticism.Virgil Thomson. Virgil Thomson: A Reader: Selected Writings, 1924–1984, edited by Richard Kostelanetz, New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 268. .
Post-romantic composers created music that used traditional forms combined with advanced harmony. Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji created post-romantic nocturnes that used unconventional harmonic language and Béla Bartók, for example, "in such Strauss-influenced works as Duke Bluebeard's Castle", may be described as having still used "dissonance ['such intervals as fourths and sevenths'] in traditional forms of music for purposes of post-romantic expression, not simply always as an appeal to the primal art of sound".Daniel Albright. Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004, pp. 243–244. .
Other notable post-romantic composers
Richard Wagner"Period: Late– Post-Romantic", Nolan Gasser, Classical Archives Giacomo Puccini Richard Strauss Gustav Mahler Jean Sibelius Alexander Scriabin Sergei Rachmaninoff Modest Mussorgsky Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji
References
Further reading Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 7th ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.
Tilby, Michael. Review of Claudia Moscovici, Romanticism and Postromanticism. French Studies: A Quarterly Review, vol. 62, no. 4, October 2008, pp. 486–487.
See also Post-Romantic Classical Radio Aestheticism Arts and Crafts movement Decadent movement Düsseldorf School Modernism Musical nationalism Neoclassicism Neoromanticism Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Symbolist Movement Vegetarianism and Romanticism
Victorian literature Marxist-Leninist views on Romanticism Underground culture