A list of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments. Some early particle accelerators that more properly did nuclear physics, but existed prior to the separation of particle physics from that field, are also included. Although a modern accelerator complex usually has several stages of accelerators, only accelerators whose output has been used directly for experiments are listed.

Early accelerators

These all used single beams with fixed targets. They tended to have very briefly run, inexpensive, and unnamed experiments.

Cyclotrons

Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape Accelerated Particle Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made 9-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1931 Circular H 1.0 MeV Proof of concept 11-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1932 Circular Proton 1.2 MeV 27-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1932–1936 Circular Deuteron 4.8 MeV Investigated deuteron-nucleus interactions 37-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley1937–1938 Circular Deuteron 8 MeV Discovered many isotopes 60-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1939–1962 Circular Deuteron 16 MeV Discovered many isotopes. 88-inch cyclotron Berkeley Rad Lab, now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1961–present Circular (Isochronous) Hydrogen through uranium MeV to several GeV Discovered many isotopes. Verified two element discoveries. Performed the world's first single event effects radiation testing in 1979, and tested parts and materials for most US spacecraft since then. 184-inch cyclotron Berkeley Rad Lab 1942–1993 Circular Various MeV to GeV Research on uranium isotope separation Calutrons Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, TN 1943– "Horseshoe" Uranium nuclei Used to separate Uranium 235 isotope for the Manhattan Project, after the end of World War II used for separation of medical and other isotopes. 95-inch cyclotron Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory 1949–2002 Circular Proton 160 MeV Used for nuclear physics 1949 – ~ 1961, development of clinical proton therapy until 200237-inch cyclotronOregon State University1954–(unknown)CircularProton20 MeV3He27 MeVJULICForschungszentrum Jülich, Germany1967–presentCircularProton, deuteron75 MeVNow used as a preaccelerator for COSY and irradiation purposes The magnetic pole pieces and return yoke from the 60-inch cyclotron were later moved to UC Davis and incorporated into a 76-inch isochronous cyclotron which is still in use today

Other early accelerator types

Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Accelerated particle Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made Linear particle accelerator Aachen University, Germany 1928 Linear Beamline Ion 50 keV Proof of concept Cockcroft and Walton'selectrostatic accelerator Cavendish Laboratory 1932 See Cockroft–Walton generator Proton 0.7 MeV First to artificially split the nucleus (Lithium) Betatron Siemens-Schuckertwerke, Germany 1935 Circular Electron 1.8 MeV Proof of concept

Synchrotrons

Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Accelerated particle Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made INSPIRE link Cosmotron BNL 1953–1968 Circular ring(72 meters around) Proton 3.3 GeV Discovery of V particles, first artificial production of some mesonsINSPIRE Birmingham Synchrotron University of Birmingham 1953–1967 Proton 1 GeV Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab 1954–~1970 "Race track" Proton 6.2 GeV Strange particle experiments, antiproton and antineutron discovered, resonances discoveredINSPIRE Bevalac, combination of SuperHILAC linear accelerator, a diverting tube, then the Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab ~1970–1993 Linear accelerator followed by "race track" Any and all sufficiently stable nuclei could be accelerated Observation of compressed nuclear matter. Depositing ions in tumors in cancer research.INSPIRE Saturne Saclay, France 1958–1997 3 GeVINSPIRE Synchrophasotron Dubna, Russia December 1957 – 2003 10 GeVINSPIRE Zero Gradient Synchrotron ANL 1963–1979 12.5 GeVINSPIRE U-70 Proton Synchrotron IHEP, Russia 1967–present Circular ring(perimeter around 1.5 km) Proton 70 GeV INSPIRE Proton Synchrotron CERN 1959–present Circular ring(628 meters around) Proton 26 GeV Used to feed ISR (until 1984), SPS, LHC, ADINSPIRE Proton Synchrotron Booster CERN 1972–present Circular Synchrotron Protons 1.4 GeV Used to feed PS, ISOLDEINSPIRE Super Proton Synchrotron CERN 1976–present Circular Synchrotron Protons and ions 450 GeV COMPASS, OPERA and ICARUS at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran SassoINSPIRE Alternating Gradient Synchrotron BNL 1960–present Circular ring(808 meters) Proton (unpolarized and polarized), deuteron, helium-3, copper, gold, uranium 33 GeV J/ψ, muon neutrino, CP violation in kaons, injects heavy ions and polarized protons into RHICINSPIRE Proton Synchrotron (KEK) KEK 1976–2007 Circular ring Proton 12 GeV COSYJülich, Germany1993–presentCircular ring (183.47 m)Protons, Deuterons2.88 GeVThe legacy of the experimental hadron physics programme at COSYINSPIREALBACerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona2011–presentCircular ring (270 m)Electrons3 GeVINSPIRESiriusSão Paulo State, Brazil2018–presentCircular ring (518.4 m)Electrons, Au, Sn, TiO23 GeVINSPIREAustralian SynchrotronMonash University, Melbourne2007–presentCircular ring (216 m)Electrons3 GeVINSPIRE

Fixed-target accelerators

More modern accelerators that were also run in fixed target mode; often, they will also have been run as colliders, or accelerated particles for use in subsequently built colliders.

LHCb gas-target collisions

Accelerator Location Years of operation Collision systems Beam energy LHCb SMOG (proton mode) CERN 2012–2026 p–H2, p–D2, p–He, p–Ne, p–Ar, p–Xe 0.6–6.8 TeV LHCb SMOG (HI mode) CERN 2012–2026 Pb–Ne, Pb–Ar, O–H2, Ne–Ne 1.58–2.68 TeV per nucleon

High intensity hadron accelerators (Meson and neutron sources)

Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Accelerated Particle Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made INSPIRE link High Current Proton Accelerator Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (originally Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility) Los Alamos National Laboratory 1972–present Linear (800 m)andCircular (30 m) Protons 800 MeV Neutron materials research, proton radiography, high energy neutron research, ultra cold neutrons INSPIRE PSI, HIPA High Intensity 590 MeV Proton Accelerator PSI, Villigen, Switzerland 1974–present 0.8 MeV CW, 72 MeV Injector 2, 590 MeV Ringcyclotron Protons 590 MeV, 2.4 mA, =1.4 MW Highest beam power, used for meson and neutron production with applications in materials science INSPIRE TRIUMF Cyclotron TRIUMF, Vancouver BC 1974–present Circular H-ion 500 MeV World's largest cyclotron, at 17.9m INSPIRE ISIS neutron source Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom 1984–present H- Linac followed by proton RCS Protons 800 MeV INSPIRE Spallation Neutron Source Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2006–present Linear (335 m) andCircular (248 m) Protons 800 MeV – 1 GeV Produces the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development. INSPIRE J-PARC RCS Tōkai, Ibaraki 2007–present Triangular, 348m circumference Protons 3 GeV Used for material and life sciences and input to J-PARC main ring INSPIRE

Electron and low intensity hadron accelerators Accelerator Location Years ofoperation Shape and size Accelerated particle Kinetic Energy Experiments Notes INSPIRE link Antiproton Accumulator CERN 1980–1996 Design study INSPIRE Antiproton collector CERN 1986–1996 Antiprotons Design study INSPIRE Nuclotron JINR 1992–present Circular ring Proton and heavy ions 12.6 GeV (protons), 4.5 Gev/n (heavy ions) INSPIRE Antiproton Decelerator CERN 2000–present Storage ring Protons and antiprotons 26 GeV ATHENA, ATRAP, ASACUSA, ACE, ALPHA, AEGIS Design studyINSPIRE Low Energy Antiproton Ring CERN 1982–1996 Antiprotons PS210 Design studyINSPIRE Cambridge Electron Accelerator Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 1962–1974 236 ft diameter synchrotron Electrons 6 GeV SLAC Linac SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1966–present 3 km linearaccelerator Electron/Positron 50 GeV Repeatedly upgraded, used to feed PEP, SPEAR, SLC, and PEP-II. Now split into 1 km sections feeding LCLS, FACET & LCLS-II. INSPIRE Fermilab Booster Fermilab 1970–present Circular synchrotron Protons 8 GeV MiniBooNEINSPIRE Fermilab Main Injector Fermilab 1995–present Circular synchrotron Protons and antiprotons 150 GeV MINOS, MINERνA, NOνAINSPIRE Fermilab Main Ring Fermilab 1970–1995 Circular synchrotron Protons and antiprotons 400 GeV (until 1979), 150 GeV thereafter Electron Synchrotron of Frascati Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati 1959–? (decommissioned) 9m circular synchrotron Electron 1.1 GeV Bates Linear Accelerator Middleton, MA 1967–2005 500 MeV recirculating linac and storage ring Polarized electrons 1 GeV INSPIRE Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 1995–present 6 GeV recirculating linac (recently upgraded to 12 GeV) Polarized electrons 6–12 GeV DVCS, PrimEx II, Qweak, GlueX First large-scale deployment of superconducting RF technology. INSPIRE ELSA Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Germany 1987–present Synchrotron and stretcher (Polarized) electrons 3.5 GeV BGOOD, Crystal Barrel INSPIRE MAMI Mainz, Germany 1975–present Multilevel racetrack microtron Polarized electrons 1.5 GeV accelerator A1 – Electron Scattering, A2 – Real Photons, A4 – Parity Violation, X1 – X-Ray Radiation INSPIRE Tevatron Fermilab 1983–2011 Superconducting circular synchrotron Protons 980 GeV INSPIRE Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany 1974–present Linear (120 m) Ions of all naturally occurring elements 2–11.4  MeV/u INSPIRE Schwerionensynchrotron (SIS18) GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany 1990–present Synchrotron with 271 m circumference Ions of all naturally occurring elements U: 50–1000 MeV/uNe: 50–2000 MeV/up: 4,5 GeV INSPIRE Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany 1990–present Ions of all naturally occurring elements 0.005 – 0.5  GeV/u J-PARC Main Ring Tōkai, Ibaraki 2009–present Triangular, 500m diameter Protons 30 GeV J-PARC Hadron Experimental Facility, T2K Can also provide 8 GeV beam INSPIRE Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS) Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (USA) 2004–present Linear Protons 13 MeV SANS, SESAME, MIS LENS Website Cornell BNL ERL Test Accelerator (CBETA) Cornell University, Ithaca / NY (USA) 2019–present Energy recovery linac with SRF cavities, 4 turns, and all beams in one fixed field alternating-gradient lattice of permanent magnets Electrons 150 MeV A prototype facility for Electron Ion Colliders INSPIRE

Colliders

Electron–positron colliders