The Arica y Parinacota Region ( ) is the northernmost of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It comprises two provinces, Arica and Parinacota. It borders Peru's Department of Tacna to the north, Bolivia's La Paz and Oruro departments to the east and Chile's Tarapacá Region to the south. Arica y Parinacota is the 5th smallest, the 3rd least populous and the 6th least densely populated of the regions of Chile. Arica is the region's capital and largest city.

The region was a former Peruvian department, which was occupied by Chile under the 1883 Treaty of Ancón at the close of the War of the Pacific, and then formally annexed in 1929 by the Treaty of Lima. Following annexation, Arica y Parinacota went through a process of forced acculturation known as Chilenization with the aim of creating a dominance of Chilean traditions and culture.

History Its foundation is uncertain, as there is no consensus on the date of its establishment, nor are there historical documents that clearly attest to it. Its development was precarious until 1545, when the Indigenous man Diego Huallpa discovered in Potosí, the largest and richest silver mines of the New World. Arica became the natural port of Potosí for the export of silver, a fact reflected in its coat of arms. Owing to the silver shipments, the settlement was granted the title of city and came to be known at that time as La muy ilustre y Real Ciudad San Marcos de Arica (“The Very Illustrious and Royal City of San Marcos de Arica.”) From that point on, the city became the seat of one of the 77 corregimientos of the Viceroyalty of Peru, and its population reached 30,000 inhabitants.

With the creation of the system of intendancies, Arica came to depend directly on the Intendancy of Arequipa. In 1823, the Province of Arica was created as part of the Department of Arequipa, within the Republic of Peru. In 1828, the capital of the province of Arica was moved from Arica to Tacna. In 1837, the province, together with the Province of Tarapacá, became part of the newly created Littoral Department, with its capital in Tacna.

In 1855, Ramón Castilla, a native of Tarapacá, divided the Province of Tacna, within the Littoral Department into two provinces: Tacna and Arica. In 1857, the Department of Moquegua was created, comprising the provinces of Arica, Tacna, Moquegua, and Tarapacá, with Tacna as its capital. In 1868, the Littoral Province of Tarapacá was created, separating it from the Department of Moquegua. In 1875, the Littoral Province of Moquegua was created, with its capital in the city of Moquegua, and the Department of Moquegua was renamed the Department of Tacna. The Littoral Province of Tarapacá became the Department of Tarapacá in 1878, consisting of the provinces of Tarapacá and Iquique.

With the Treaty of Ancón, following the War of the Pacific, the Peruvian Department of Tarapacá was incorporated into Chile in 1883. Subsequently, the Province of Tarapacá was created, comprising the Department of Tarapacá and the Department of Pisagua. Meanwhile, Chile began administering Tacna, Arica, and later Tarata through the Province of Tacna and the Departments of Tacna and Arica. In 1925, Tarata was returned to Peru.

In 1929, following the signing of the Treaty of Lima, the Department of Arica, formerly part of the Province of Tacna, became definitively Chilean.Articulo Segundo. -El territorio de Tacna y Arica será dividido en dos partes, Tacna para el Perú y Arica para Chile. (Tratado de Lima, 1929) Subsequently, Chile decided to incorporate the Department of Arica into the Province of Tarapacá.

The regionalization process carried out in 1976 by CONARA divided the country into thirteen regions, creating the First Region of Tarapacá based on the former province of the same name, composed of the departments of Arica, Pisagua, and Iquique. Iquique was designated as the capital of this new region, despite the fact that Arica was a more commercially active and more populous city. This decision sparked, from that time onward, a political struggle for reform of the existing regionalization.

During the 1990s, this pressure intensified, and during the presidential campaign of Ricardo Lagos, he promised the creation of the new Region of Arica and Parinacota and the Region of Los Ríos. It was not until 2004 that Article of the 1980 Constitution, which established a fixed number of regions, was amended—this being the first step toward the creation of Arica and Parinacota. Finally, on 16 may 2015, the executive branch announced the submission of a bill to create both regions. The bill was signed by President Lagos on 21 October and submitted to the National Congress on 13 December of the same year.

Creation of the new region The bill presented at that time consisted of three main reforms:

The creation of the new Region of Arica and Parinacota, comprising the provinces of Arica and Parinacota, formerly part of the Region of Tarapacá. The creation of a new senatorial constituency covering the new region. The existing District 1 would remain unchanged, and Senatorial Constituency No. 20 would be created for this purpose. The Region of Tarapacá would thereafter be composed solely of the territory of the current Province of Iquique. This province would be divided into two provinces: Iquique, consisting of the commune of the same name and Alto Hospicio, and the new Province of Tamarugal, comprising the remaining communes, with Pozo Almonte as its provincial capital.

After the bill entered the National Congress, it was debated in the Chamber of Deputies, where it was approved both in general and in detail during the first constitutional procedure on 19 April 2006, with 90 votes in favor and 11 abstentions. However, the creation of a new electoral constituency was rejected, under the assumption that a comprehensive reform of the electoral system would be carried out in the future. The bill was then sent to the Senate for its second constitutional procedure. It was approved with amendments on 6 December 2006, requiring its return to the Chamber of Deputies, which approved the amendments during the third constitutional procedure on 19 December 2006.

Following approval by both chambers, the bill was sent on 23 January 2007 to the Constitutional Court, which approved the amendment three days later. However, Ruling No. 719 of the court declared the second paragraph of Article 1 of the bill unconstitutional, stating that "its content does not have a direct relationship with the core or fundamental ideas of the original executive bill on the matter, thereby violating Article 69, paragraph one, of the Constitution," and therefore ordered its removal from the text.

This paragraph referred to the projected boundaries of the new region and originated from an amendment introduced by President Michelle Bachelet during the second constitutional procedure in December 2006. It had prompted an observation by Peru, within the context of the maritime boundary dispute between the two countries, by considering "the parallel of Boundary Marker No. 1 in the Chilean Sea" as the starting point of the northern border. Upon removal of the paragraph, the region's boundaries were defined according to those established for the provinces of Arica and Parinacota in Decree with Force of Law No. 2-18.175 of the Ministry of the Interior (1989). This decree defines the northern boundary of those provinces as "the border with Peru, from the Chilean Sea to the astronomical parallel of the Huaylas triangulation point" and "the border with Peru, from Cerro Quiñuta to the border with Bolivia," respectively, and the western boundary of the Province of Arica as "the Chilean Sea, from Punta Camarones to the border with Peru."

After completion of all legislative procedures, President Michelle Bachelet signed the promulgating decree of Law No. 20,175, which created the Region of Arica and Parinacota, and it entered into force on 8 October 2007.Ministry of the Interior (11 April 2007). «Ley 20175: Crea XV Región de Arica y Parinacota y la Provincia del Tamarugal en la región de Tarapacá». Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 24 December 2025.

Administration In 2007, the former Tarapacá Region was subdivided to create the Arica y Parinacota region and the present day Tarapacá Region to the south. The region is further subdivided into two provinces: Arica and Parinacota.

+ Region Province Commune Area(km²) 2002Population WebsiteArica y ParinacotaArica Camarones 3,927 1,220 link Arica 4,799 185,268 link Parinacota Putre 5,903 1,977 link General Lagos 2,244 1,179 link

Demography

According to data from the 2024 Census of the National Statistics Institute, the region is populated by 244,569 inhabitants. Its density reaches 14.49 inhabitants per km².

This region has the largest Aymara population and the 2024 census recorded 70,270 inhabitants identifying as Aymara, as well as a significant number of immigrants from neighboring Peru and Bolivia. Included are those of Asian descent, such as Chinese and Japanese; and Arabs from Lebanon, Palestine and Syria. Most of the country’s Afro-Chilean population lives in Arica Province, descending from enslaved Africans brought to the area during the 17th and 18th centuries. According to the most recent census, 13,003 people representing 5.4% of the region's population identify as Afro-Chilean. There are a large number of Roma people or Gypsies in the Arica province as well, originated from Eastern Europe in the late 19th century.

At the level of cities, the most populated are: Arica, with 241,653 inhabitants and Putre, with 1,547 inhabitants.

Religion

According to 2024 census data on the population aged 15 years and over, totalled 147,837 or 60.4% of regional population, the region shows a religious composition broadly similar to that of northern Chile, combining a historically dominant Christian tradition with a relatively high proportion of people without religious affiliation. Of this total, 68,923 are men and 78,914 are women, showing a higher female participation in religious affiliation at the regional level.

The male-to-female ratio in the region is 87.3, a value above the national average (83.5). This indicates a relatively more balanced gender distribution compared to the country as a whole, although the general trend of female predominance remains.

In the national context, Arica and Parinacota is among the regions with the lowest absolute number of people declaring a religion, a situation largely explained by its smaller overall population. Nevertheless, the pattern observed in the region is consistent with that of Chile as a whole, where women outnumber men in religious self-identification.

Christianity is the majority religion in the region. Roman Catholicism is the largest religious affiliation, accounting for 110,281 people (56.1%) of the population aged 15 and over. Catholicism has historically played a central role in the cultural and social life of the region, influenced both by colonial heritage and Andean religious traditions. Evangelical and Protestant churches form the second-largest religious group, with 25,611 adherents. Their presence reflects broader national trends of evangelical growth, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas.

Other Christian denominations include Jehovah's Witnesses (3,278), members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (2,389), other Christian traditions (4,710), and a small number of Eastern Orthodox Christians (104).

Non-Christian religions are present in small numbers. These include Judaism (223), Islam (158), Buddhism (168), Hinduism (72), and the Baháʼí Faith (15). Their limited size reflects both national demographic patterns and the region's relatively small population.