Foot cavalry was an oxymoron coined by the media to describe the rapid movements of infantry troops serving under Confederate General Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson during the American Civil War. Jackson's men marched on foot but they were able to cover long distances day after day to surprise the enemy.
Origin Cavalry units during the Civil War practiced the so-called foot cavalry drills.Mason, Frank H. The Twelfth Ohio Cavalry: A Record of Its Organization and Services in the War of the Rebellion: Together with a Complete Roster of the Regiment. Cleveland, Ohio: Nevins' Steam Print. House, 1871, p. 18 The media started to apply the phrase foot cavalry to Jackson's men starting from 1862. This was after Jackson's successful Shenandoah Valley campaign, in which Jackson usually surprised his Union opponents by completing much faster operational maneuvers.
On July 26, 1862, The Evening Star published the following,
On September 10, 1862, The National Republican wrote,
In action
It was said of Jackson's foot cavalry, they take not what they cannot reach.Yorkville Enquirer (Yorkville, S.C.), November 05, 1862Davis, William C., and James I. Robertson. Virginia at War, 1864. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2009. To achieve the reputation for amazing speeds of marching ( a day),Martin, David G. Jackson's Valley Campaign: November 1861–June 1862. Cambridge, Mass., 1994, p. 103. Stonewall Jackson used a combination of great audacity, excellent knowledge and shrewd use of the terrain, added to the ability to inspire his troops to great feats of marching and fighting. His men endured forced marches and he used an intimate knowledge of the passes and railroad tunnels along the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia to move between the Piedmont region and the Shenandoah Valley with unanticipated rapidity, confounding his opponents in the Union leadership.John H. Worsham. One of Jackson's foot cavalry; his experience and what he saw during the war 1861-1865, including a history of "F company." Richmond, Va., 21st regiment Virginia infantry, Second brigade, Jackson's division, Second corps, A. N. Va. New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1912Jackson and his Foot Cavalry in Hall, John Lesslie. Half-hours in southern history. Richmond: B. F. Johnson Publishing Co., 1907, pp. 253-261.
Because his opponents learned early in the War that they could not accurately predict his location, Jackson and his "foot cavalry" are considered by many historians to have been a major factor in leadership failures of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and General George B. McClellan during the Peninsula Campaign. In fear of Jackson, Lincoln ordered extra troops held back from McClellan's expedition to protect Washington, D.C. McClellan, whose actions were later seen as overcautious, was unnerved by Jackson's sudden appearance in front of him at the beginning of the Seven Days Battles. In combination, these actions of Lincoln and McClellan contributed significantly to the failure of the main mission of the Peninsula Campaign, which was to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond in the summer of 1862.Gallagher, Gary W. The Richmond Campaign of 1862: The Peninsula and the Seven Days. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. Richmond would not be captured until the last days of the war.
Recognition On January 16, 1866 The Daily Phoenix (Columbia, S.C.) called the Jackson's foot cavalry "immortal."The Daily Phoenix (Columbia, S.C.), January 16, 1866
Indeed, contemporaries marveled at what Jackson's foot cavalry was capable of,
Historian Robert K. Krick wrote,
In honor of Jackson and his "foot cavalry" there is a trail run in Fort Valley, Va with a division called "Stonewall Jackson Foot Cavalry Division".Stonewall Jackson Foot Cavalry Division
See also Blue Ridge Tunnel Rockfish Gap Swift Run Gap Thornton Gap
References
Further reading "Old Jack" and His Foot-cavalry: Or, A Virginian Boy's Progress to Renown. A Story of the War in the Old Dominion. New York: J. Bradburn, 1864 John H. Worsham. One of Jackson's foot cavalry; his experience and what he saw during the war 1861-1865, including a history of "F company." Richmond, Va., 21st regiment Virginia infantry, Second brigade, Jackson's division, Second corps, A. N. Va. New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1912
External links Jackson's "Foot Cavalry" at Old Mill, Strasburg, Va., June 1, 1862, by Mort Künstler