This is a topical guide to articles about the History of Ukraine.

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest country in Europe by area, after Russia, which borders it to the east and northeast. It also borders Belarus to the north; Poland and Slovakia to the west; Hungary, Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast. Kyiv is the capital and largest city, followed by Kharkiv, Odesa and Dnipro. The official language is Ukrainian. Ukraine covers , and has an estimated population of 39 million .

Ukrainian history starts with the Kyivan Rus', the medieval state centered on Kyiv, which the Mongol invasion of 1240 broke apart. Rule from outside followed for four centuries, first from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and then the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the Cossack uprising of 1648 created a Hetmanate that lasted under Russian suzerainty until Catherine II abolished it. By 1800 the territory was split between the Russian Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, and the national movement grew differently on each side of that line. As a result of World War I, and its aftermath in the Russian Revolution and Civil War, both the Russian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire fell in 1917, and the Ukrainian People's Republic that emerged lasted only until the Bolsheviks crushed it in 1921. Seven decades of Soviet rule followed, which included the Holodomor, and then Second World War and the Holocaust in Ukraine. Independence came in 1991, and the period since has been shaped by disputes over Ukraine's alignment: the Orange Revolution, the Maidan of 2013–14 and the Russian invasions from 2014 to the present.

Overviews

History of Ukraine - (c. 32,000 BCE–present) - Survey of Ukrainian history from prehistory to the present. Name of Ukraine - History and etymology of the country's name.

Archaeological cultures in Ukraine

Bug–Dniester culture - (c. 6300–5500 BCE) - Neolithic culture between the Southern Bug and Dniester rivers. Catacomb culture - (2500–1950 BCE) - Bronze Age steppe culture. Chernoles culture - (c. 1050–725 BCE) - Forest steppe culture linked to early Slavic and Scythian farmers. Chernyakhov culture - (c. 200–500 CE) - Multi-ethnic culture of the Roman period associated with the Goths. Cucuteni–Trypillia culture - (c. 5050–2950 BCE) - Neolithic–Eneolithic culture of southeastern Europe. Dnieper–Donets culture - (c. 5000–4200 BCE) - Prehistoric culture north of the Black Sea. Middle Dnieper culture - (c. 3200–2300 BCE) - Archaeological culture of the Dnieper basin and Belarus. Multi-cordoned ware culture - (c. 2200–1800 BCE) - Bronze Age steppe culture. Repin culture - (c. 3950–3300 BCE) - Eneolithic culture of Eastern Europe. Scythian culture - (c. 900–200 BCE) - Culture of the Iron Age nomads of the Pontic steppe. Sredny Stog culture - (c. 4500–3500 BCE) - Eneolithic culture of the Dnieper–Don steppe. Srubnaya culture - (c. 1850–1450 BCE) - Late Bronze Age culture of the Volga–Ural and Pontic steppe. Usatove culture - (c. 3500–3000 BCE) - Late Trypillian steppe culture near the northwestern Black Sea coast. Yamnaya culture - (c. 3300–2600 BCE) - Archaeological culture of the Pontic steppe. Zarubintsy culture - (3rd century BCE–1st century CE) - Iron Age culture of Eastern Europe.

Pre-modern history

Ancient history

Scythia - (c. 700–300 BCE) - Region of Eurasia in antiquity. Tyras - (c. 600 BCE–c. 400 CE) - Ancient Greek city-state on the Dniester estuary. Scythian campaign of Darius I - (513 BCE) - Achaemenid expedition into Scythia. Sarmatians - (5th century BCE–4th century CE) - Large Iranian confederation of classical antiquity. Bosporan Kingdom - (c. 438 BCE–c. 527 CE) - Greco-Scythian state near the Sea of Azov. Crimea in the Roman era - (47 BCE–c. 340 CE) - Crimea under Roman rule. Oium - (3rd century–4th century) - Gothic area of Scythia.

Medieval history

Antes people - (6th century–602) - Early Slavic people of Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Polans (eastern) - (6th century–9th century) - East Slavic tribe around the middle Dnieper and Kiev. Dulebes - (6th century–10th century) - Early Slavic tribal union in Volhynia. White Croats - (7th century–10th century) - Early Slavic tribe and ethnic group. Saltovo-Mayaki culture - (700–950) - Early Slavic archaeological culture of the Pontic steppe. Route from the Varangians to the Greeks - (c. 800–1100) - Medieval trade route between Scandinavia and the Byzantine Empire. Fortress of Tustan - (9th century–16th century) - Rock-cut fortress and customs post in the Carpathians. Rus' Khaganate - (c. 830–890s) - Early Rus' polity in Eastern Europe. Kievan Rus' - (c. 880–1240) - East Slavic state centered on Kiev. Cumania - (10th century–1241) - Turkic confederation of tribes on the Pontic steppe. Cumans - (11th century–1241) - Turkic nomadic people. Brodnici - (12th century–13th century) - People of the lower Danube and Dniester region. Disintegration of Kievan Rus' - (1132–1240) - Political fragmentation of the Rus' lands. Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia - (1199–1349) - Kingdom in Eastern Europe.

Modern pre-Soviet history

Early modern history

Little Russia - (14th century–20th century) - Historic and geographic term for Ukraine. Ruthenian Voivodeship - (1434–1772) - Historical region in the Kingdom of Poland. Podolian Voivodeship - (1434–1793) - Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland. Kiev Voivodeship - (1471–1793) - Subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Opryshky - (16th century–19th century) - Outlaw bands and rebel movement in the Carpathian Mountains. Russo-Turkish wars - (1568–1918) - Series of conflicts between the Russian and Ottoman empires. Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth - (1569–1795) - Aristocratic republic in Europe. Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795) - (1569–1795) - Voivodeship in Lithuania, then Poland. Sloboda Ukraine - (17th century–18th century) - Historical region straddling present-day Ukraine and Russia. Ukrainian Baroque - (17th century–18th century) - Distinctive Baroque style in architecture and art. Khmelnytsky Uprising - (1648–1657) - Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Left-bank Ukraine - (1667–1793) - Historical region east of the Dnieper. Right-bank Ukraine - (1667–1793) - Historical region west of the Dnieper. Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk - (1710) - Constitution drawn up for the Cossack Hetmanate by Hetman Pylyp Orlyk. Koliivshchyna - (1768) - Haidamaka peasant and Cossack rebellion on the right bank.

Crimean Khanate

Black Sea slave trade - (antiquity–19th century) - Trafficking of people across the Black Sea. Giray dynasty - (1431–1783) - Ruling dynasty of the Crimean Khanate. Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe - (1441–1774) - Ottoman-backed Turkic raids for captives. Crimean Khanate - (1441–1783) - Crimean Tatar state. List of Crimean khans - (1441–1783) - Rulers of the Crimean Khanate.

Cossack Hetmanate

Zaporozhian Host - (15th century–18th century) - Military forces of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. Zaporozhian Cossacks - (c. 15th century–1775) - Cossack host centered on the lower Dnieper. Cossack Hetmanate - (1648–1764) - Cossack state under Russian suzerainty.

Zaporozhian Sich

Zaporozhian Sich - (c. 1552–1775) - Fortified Cossack polity beyond the Dnieper rapids. Nova Sich - (1734–1775) - Last of the Cossack Siches, on the lower Dnieper. Liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich - (1775) - Russian destruction of the Cossack polity.

History of Ukraine (1795–1918)

Ukrainian national revival - (c. 1798–1900) - Movement to revive Ukrainian language, culture and national identity.

Ukraine in World War I

Battle of Galicia - (1914) - Battle on the Eastern Front of World War I. Ukraine during World War I - (1914–1918) - Ukrainian lands under Russian and Austro-Hungarian rule during the war. Ukrainian Sich Riflemen - (1914–1920) - Ukrainian unit of the Austro-Hungarian army. Brusilov offensive - (1916) - Russian offensive on the Eastern Front. Kerensky offensive - (1917) - Last Russian offensive of World War I. 1918 Ukrainian coup d'état - (1918) - Coup d'état in the Ukrainian People's Republic. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers) - (1918) - Peace treaty between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Central Powers.

Russian Revolution and Soviet era Ukrainian War of Independence

Free Cossacks - (1917–1918) - Volunteer self-defense militia. Russian Civil War - (1917–1922) - Multi-party war in the former Russian Empire. Ukrainian War of Independence - (1917–1921) - Series of conflicts over Ukrainian statehood. Ukrainian–Soviet War - (1917–1921) - War between Ukrainian forces and the Bolsheviks. Anti-Hetman Uprising - (1918) - Revolt against Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky. Battle of Kruty - (1918) - Battle of the Ukrainian–Soviet War. Battle of Lemberg (1918) - (1918) - Fight for Lviv in the Polish–Ukrainian War. Crimea Operation (1918) - (1918) - German and Ukrainian offensive into Crimea. Kiev Arsenal January Uprising - (1918) - Bolshevik-organized workers' revolt. Operation Faustschlag - (1918) - Last action on the Eastern Front of World War I. Polish–Ukrainian War - (1918–1919) - Conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces. Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 - (1918–1919) - Red Army advance following the German withdrawal. 1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine - (1919) - Red Army offensive that drove the Directorate from Kiev. Battle of Peregonovka - (1919) - Battle of the Russian Civil War. First Winter Campaign - (1919–1920) - Ukrainian People's Army raid behind Soviet and White lines. Hryhoriv Uprising - (1919) - Anti-Bolshevik revolt led by Otaman Nykyfor Hryhoriv. Hutsul Republic - (1919) - Unrecognized state in the Hutsul region of Transcarpathia. Kholodny Yar Republic - (1919–1922) - Ukrainian partisan state. Polish–Soviet War - (1919–1921) - Conflict between Poland and Soviet Russia. Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict - (1920–1921) - Falling-out between the Bolsheviks and the Makhnovists. Galician Soviet Socialist Republic - (1920) - Bolshevik state in eastern Galicia. Kiev offensive (1920) - (1920) - Polish and allied Ukrainian offensive that briefly captured Kiev. Second Winter Campaign - (1921) - Final campaign of the Ukrainian People's Army. Treaty of Riga - (1921) - Treaty that ended the Polish–Soviet War.

Ukrainian People's Republic

Central Rada - (1917–1918) - Legislature of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Free Cossacks - (1917–1918) - Volunteer self-defense militia. Sich Riflemen - (1917–1919) - Infantry formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic drawn from Galician volunteers. Ukraine after the Russian Revolution - (1917–1921) - Period of competing Ukrainian, Bolshevik and White authorities. Ukrainian People's Army - (1917–1921) - Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Ukrainian People's Republic - (1917–1921) - State proclaimed in the wake of the Russian Revolution. 1918 Central Powers occupation of Ukraine - (1918) - Military occupation by German and Austro-Hungarian forces. 1918 Ukrainian coup d'état - (1918) - Coup d'état in the Ukrainian People's Republic. Directorate of Ukraine - (1918–1920) - Governing committee of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Ukrainian Galician Army - (1918–1919) - Army of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. Ukrainian Soviet Republic - (1918) - Bolshevik-proclaimed socialist state. Ukrainian State - (1918) - Client state of the German Empire under Hetman Skoropadsky. West Ukrainian People's Republic - (1918–1919) - Short-lived state in eastern Galicia. Ukrainian Death Triangle - (1919) - Military situation at the end of World War I. Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile - (1921–1992) - Government in exile. Mykhailo Hrushevsky - (1866–1934) - Ukrainian historian and politician.