(masculine) and (feminine) are Spanish-language profanities with multiple meanings depending on the context in which they are used. The Spanish language has a grammatical gender distinction, so the words' meanings are not always interchangeable due to diachrony.

The words and can be used as nouns, adjectives, and interjections with varying results. As nouns, both words can mean or ( or in English). The masculine form can also refer to homosexuality, gay men, or be used as a slur questioning or attacking a man's masculinity, regardless of his sexual orientation, with a meaning similar to faggot in English. The female form, on the other hand, has a meaning similar to slut in English. As adjectives and interjections, both words serve as intensifiers and have a meaning equivalent to the English word fuck.

The use of during association football events has been labeled as a homophobic slur because of the word's background. This has led to the implementation of protocols regarding its use during association football events.

Origin Antonio de Nebrija records the use of the word in reference to male homosexual intercourse in his Latin–Spanish bilingual dictionary, (1492). The dictionary distinguishes active and passive participants, describing the active role as (), while the passive participant is identified as , a word derived from the Greek mythological figure Ganymede. The first edition of the , published in 1780 by the Royal Spanish Academy, adopts Nebrija's definition and defines as .

In one of his etymological dictionaries, (1954), Joan Coromines wrote that the word derives from the female equivalent, , meaning . Coromines states that the origin is unclear, with hypotheses suggesting that it may derive from the Latin (; ) or (, or ).

Meanwhile, according to Miguel Casas Gómez in (1986), the feminine equivalent, , came to be used as a euphemism for —that is, a prostitute. Álex Grijelmo wrote in El País that euphemisms tend to acquire the negative connotations of the terms they replace, eventually requiring replacement by newer euphemisms. In Medieval Spanish literature, is commonly accompanied by adjectives like "old" or those indicating deformities, but never adjectives that imply dirtiness.

Both words are associated with sex but have undergone diachronic changes in their meaning. According to Concepción and Rodrigo Flores Dávila, who wrote an article in the Bulletin of the Royal Spanish Academy in 2025, Christianization accelerated the semantic shift of the word from meaning to serving as an insult meaning , and it later became associated with prostitution in the same way as its feminine counterpart, . According to the authors, this semantic development suggests that both heterosexual and homosexual pederastic behavior was tolerated in ancient Rome.

Historically, the word has been used by Spanish-speaking authors and has not been surpassed in usage by its masculine counterpart. At the same time, singular forms are more common than plural forms. The earliest known use of dates to 1129, in an anonymous text contained in the . The earliest known record of , dates to 1284, in the anonymous . Both works are legal documents in which the words appear alongside other insults and are cited as examples of punishable slurs when uttered as defamatory accusations.

Grammar

Company and Flores describe and as formulaic words whose meaning are largely fixed by their semantics and syntactic structure; modifying them may cause them to lose their referential meaning. As an example, they cite the profane phrase —commonly translated as or —, noting that the receiver being addressed by the sender is not necessarily the son of one. However, when additional words are introduced, as in the sentence (), the phrase gains greater morphological and syntactic flexibility, to the point that becomes a referential noun rather than a purely insulting expression. Similarly, they note that the same phenomenon occurs with the word , which does not necessarily refer to the receiver's sexual orientation but is instead used as an attempt to offend the person with a word whose code is understood by both the sender and the receiver.

Language associated with the degradation of women is common in Spanish-language societies. In Mexican Spanish, for example, feminine terms are often used to denigrate men by associating femininity with traits such as cowardice. Examples include and , both meaning , used to vilify the receiver's masculinity.

Morphology and can be transformed into other words not always associated with sex, forming new adjectives and nouns, for example, (), (; ; ; or ), () or (). As a prefix, is used with sexual connotations as in (), while is used mostly as an intensifier, like in (). Further, the word serves as the basis for several idiomatic expressions, including () or (), while its masculine counterpart has only two uses, () and (an idiom of Arabic origin meaning ). and can be censored with interjections including , , , , , or .

Use in popular culture In 1997, Mexican rock band Molotov released their debut album ¿Dónde Jugarán las Niñas?, with the song "Puto" being selected as a single. According to the band members, the lyrics are directed at people they perceive as cowards, including the political class, rather than at the gay community. Gustavo Santaolalla, the album's producer, said that a " is someone who takes away your food [...] someone who abuses their power". However, the song remained controversial within the LGBTQ community because of the homophobic connotations of the word and other lyrics, including the phrase "" (either or ). In Spain, the LGBTQ organization argued that the song incited violence against LGBTQ people. In the United States, GLAAD requested Molotov not to perform the song while touring in the country. Academic argues that interpreting as a synonym for "coward" serves as a form of pseudo-shielding that obscures the word's primary meaning as a homophobic slur. According to him, the insult is rooted in stereotypes that portray gay men as effeminate, weak, and unmanly.

Use in association football

American football fans watching games in Monterrey, Mexico, began the tradition of shouting during matches in the 1980s. The chant spread over the following decades, and in the 2000s, supporters of C.F. Monterrey adopted it in association football, shouting it to distract the opposing goalkeeper whenever he took a goal kick. The earliest recorded substitution of with occurred during a match at the 2004 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament in Guadalajara, Mexico, after which the modified chant spread to other matches.

The chant's use began to draw international attention during FIFA World Cup matches. During the 2014 tournament, GLAAD sent an open letter, signed by 25 human rights organizations, to FIFA president Sepp Blatter expressing concern over FIFA's failure to take disciplinary action against the chant after he declined to do so. The letter also warned that, unless further action was taken, the organizations would pursue action involving FIFA's sponsors.

In 2016, FIFA began fining national football federations, including those of Mexico, Argentina, Peru, and Uruguay, for failing to take action to discourage fans from using the chant. By the 2018 FIFA World Cup, FIFA had intensified its disciplinary measures, including fining the Mexican Football Federation for the chant's use during the match against Germany.

The prohibition of the chant is disputed by many fans, who argue that the word is used as a synonym for "coward". , editor of the , argued that the ban was motivated by political correctness rather than concerns about homophobia, stating: "It's an insult, yes, but it's not aimed at the gay community". However, critics contend that, regardless of its intended meaning in this context, origins and historical usage are rooted in homophobic meanings. Mexico's National Council to Prevent Discrimination described the chant as far from innocent, stating that it echoed homophobia, machismo, and misogyny present in Mexican society.

Sports commentator Pali Plascencia wrote an op-ed for Excélsior. He argued that the chant is not used by fans as a homophobic expression but rather as a way of venting their frustration with the state of Mexican football. According to him, supporters use the chant to provoke sanctions against the Mexican Football Federation, thereby reducing its budget through fines. Similarly, writing in Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Marie Sarita Gaytán and Matthew L. Basso argued that the chant functions as a "discursive weapon" employed by hegemonic men in a country whose conceptions of masculinity differ from those underlying many of its critics' perspectives.

Comedy In the Philippines the word refers to a steamed rice cake. Comedians including Rex Navarrete and Jo Koy have made light of the slurs usage amongst Mexicans and its differing definition when used amongst Filipino.

Reclamation

Some LGBTQ+ individuals have reclaimed the term , and some sex workers have done the same with .

Marico Carmona, a non-binary Argentine artist, argues that reclaiming homophobic slurs allows those targeted by them to transform words intended to cause harm into neutral or even positive forms of self-identification. However, Carmona also notes that not everyone is able or willing to reclaim such language.

References