The following article shows the list of conflicts involving each of the major Seljuk States from their foundation to dissolution. Wars involving Seljuk's Dominion at Cend (985–1037) Here is a list of conflicts involving the Seljuk's Dominion at Cend, derived from various Turkish and English sources.
Conflict Seljuksand allies Opponent(s) Results Sultan/Regent SeljuklossesGhaznavid-Qarakhanid Campaign in Transoxiana (1025)Emirate of Transoxiana Ali-Tegin Ali-Tegin's loyalists. Armies of Ali-TeginSupported by:- Qiniq tribe Seljuk dynasty Arslan Isra'il Seljuk tribesmenGhaznavid Empire?
Wars involving the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194) List of battles involving the Seljuk Empire
Wars involving the Sultanate of Rum (1077–1308)
The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum was a medieval Seljuk State established a few years after the Battle of Manzikert by Suleyman I of Rum, a descendant of the Central Asian Turkoman Seljuk. This state fought major wars against the Byzantine Empire, Crusaders and rival Muslim States, due to its changing defensive and expansionist policies. It was also vassalized at some points in history by the Byzantine Empire, Seljuk Empire, Danishmendids as well as the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate, before dissolving into multiple Anatolian Beyliks with loss of authority.
Here is a list of conflicts involving the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, derived from various Turkish and English sources.
Conflict Rumand allies Opponent(s) ResultsMalik-Shah's Anatolian Campaign (1078) Sultanate of Rum Suleiman ibn Qutalmish Turkoman tribesmen. Seljuk Empire Malik-Shah I Emir Porsuk. Sultanate of Rum Suleiman ibn Qutalmish Emir Mansur Mansur's Loyalists. Turkoman mercenaries. Byzantine Empire Nikephoros III BotaneiatesOther results Fierce battles take place between Kutalmışoğul Emir Mansur and Emir Porsuk. Death of Emir Mansur. Suppression of his independence activities. Rise and conquests of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish. Historians suggest that the campaign was to eliminate both the sons of Kutalmış, but only the fate of Emir Mansur could be sealed.Initial conquests of Byzantine landsCahen, Claude (İng. çev.:J. Jones-Williams) (1968), Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history c. 1071-1330, New York: Taplinger, İng say.. 73-4.Prof. Dr. Osman Turan, Türkiye Selçukluları Tarihi Ansiklopedisi,sh.:84Azimi,sh.:361, A'lak ul-hatira, British Museum, DD. 23334,sh.:34b.Anonim Selçuk-name,sh.:36Prof. Dr. Osman Turan, Türkiye Selçukluları Tarihi Ansiklopedisi,sh.:75-80
Conquest of Nicaea and Nicomedia Fall of Bithynia Sultanate of RumTurkoman tribesmen. Byzantine pretenders Supported by:- Seljuk Empire Abbasid Caliph Byzantine EmpireVictory Foundation of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia. Fall of Nicaea, Nicomedia and Bithynia. Recognition by the Great Seljuks and the Abbasid Caliph.Malik-Shah's Anatolian Campaign Conquest of Konya, Aksaray and Kayseri. Alleged siege of Constantinople. Sultanate of RumTurkoman tribesmen. Seljuk Empire Byzantine EmpireVictoryAs per Osman Turan Fall of Konya, Aksaray and Kayseri and other major Anatolian towns. A tax of 1,000,000 gold coins imposed on the Byzantine Empire. Malik-Shah I cedes the conquered territories to Suleiman Shah.Power struggles in the Byzantine Empire
Bryennios' March on Constantinople
Botaneiates' seizure of powerMilitary Support: Sultanate of RumTurkoman tribesmen. Byzantine Empire Michael VII DoukasInitial Support: Sultanate of RumTurkoman tribesmen.Victory Nikephoros III Botaneiates seizes the throne. As per deals, the borders of the sultanate extend up to the shores of Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean and the Black Sea.Rebellion of Nikephoros Bryennios and Basilakes Imperial forces Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos Constantine Katakalon Military Support: Sultanate of RumChomatenoi and Frankish mercenaries. Rebel forces Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder John Bryennios Katakalon Tarchaneiotes Pecheneg Allies Nikephoros BasilakesVictory Nikephoros Basilakes is ambushed and defeated at Varda River. Nikephoros Bryennios is defeated at the Battle of Kalavrye. Revolt suppressed. Turks are given a share in the spoils.Rebellion of Alexios Komnenos (1081) Rebel forces Alexios I Komnenos Maria of Alania Nikephoros MelissenosMilitary Support: Sultanate of RumTurkoman mercenaries. Imperial forces Nikephoros III BotaneiatesVictory Alexios I Komnenos becomes emperor. Nikephoros Melissenos is given the title of Caesar. Byzantium agrees to pay an annual tribute to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.Norman invasion of the Byzantine Empire (1081) Byzantine EmpireMilitary Support: Sultanate of Rum Norman InvadersSupported by:Tzachas and PechenegsSeljuk Profit Sultanate of Rum assists Alexios I Komnenos in his defensive campaigns. Süleyman agrees to bring Rum under nominal Byzantine vassalage. Alexios I Komnenos recognizes the borders of Rum up to the Drakon River. 1081 Peace Treaty concluded.Conquest of Tarsus (1083) Sultanate of Rum Byzantine EmpireVictory Fall of Tarsus, Adana, Anazarba, Masisa and other major Cilician towns.Siege of Antioch (1084–1085)
Sultanate of RumTurkoman tribesmen.Supported by:- Seljuk Empire Byzantine Empire Dominions of Philaretos BrachamiosVictory Fall of Antioch, as well as the districts of Harim and Duluk of Aleppo.Battle for Antioch (June 1085) Sultanate of RumTurkoman tribesmen. Çubuk Principality Uqaylid EmirateTurkoman mercenaries.Çubuk PrincipalityVictory Suleiman ibn Qutalmish becomes the victor of the battle. Death of Muslim ibn Quraysh.İbn ül-Esir, X,sh.:47; Sıbtsh.:75aİbn ul-'Adim, Buğya, 108a - 109b; Tarih Haleb, II,sh.:89-92; 'Azimi,sh.:365; İbnü'l Kalanisi, sh.:118; Baybars Mansuri, 212b; Sıbt, 71a - 72, 75b; Edessalı Mateos, sh.:190; Ebu'l Ferec,sh.:230Siege of Aleppo (1086) Sultanate of RumTurkoman tribesmen. Emirate of Aleppo Hassan ibn Hibat Allah Al-HutaytiDefeat Siege lifted.Conquest of Uqaylid lands (1086) Sultanate of Rum Uqaylid EmirateVictory Fall of Ma'arra, Kafartab, Shayzar and Qinnasrin. Suleyman Shah marries Menia Hatun, the widowed wife of Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim.Battle of Ain Salm (1086) Sultanate of Rum Çubuk Principality Seljuks of Syria and Palestine Artuklu Principality Çubuk PrincipalityDefeat Death of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish. Brief occupation of the Sultanate of Rum by the Tzachas, Elchanes and Poulchanes. Imprisonment of Kilij Arslan I by Malik-Shah I. Loss of Antioch to the Seljuk Empire.Byzantium's Siege of Nicaea (1090)Anna Komnene, The Alexiad, Vol. II, pp. 68–70. Sultanate of Rum Byzantine EmpireVictory Siege lifted due to Emir Porsuk's campaign.Abu'l-Qasim's Naval CampaignsNihal Taşçı, p. 25 Sultanate of RumSupported by:Tzachas and Pechenegs Byzantine EmpireDefeat Destruction of Abu'l-Qasim's fleet. Land army of Tatikios defeats Abu'l-Qasim's army. Loss of Nicomedia. Truce favourable to Byzantium concluded.Malik-Shah's Anatolian Campaign (1088) Sultanate of Rum Byzantine Empire Seljuk EmpireVictory Siege lifted. Withdrawal of Emir Porsuk.Emir Bozan's Anatolian Campaign (1090-1091) Sultanate of Rum Byzantine Empire Seljuk EmpireOverall Defeat Siege lifted by Emir Bozan due to fierce resistance by Abu'l-Qasim. Abu'l-Qasim assassinated in a plot by Emir Bozan. Large swaths of Anatolia come under the Great Seljuk Empire.Byzantine-Seljuk Conflict (1092)Anna Komnene, The Alexiad, Vol. II, pp. 80–81. Siege of Nicaea Fall of Kapıdağ and Uluabat regions to Rum. Battles at Land and Sea. Sultanate of RumTurkoman mercenaries. Byzantine EmpireDraw Kilij Arslan I forces Alexios I Komnenos to lift the siege of Nicaea. Ilhan Muhammed launched a fierce attack at the entrance to the lake and routed the Byzantines. Land army of Alexios defeats and captures Ilhan Muhammed. Both sides make peace due to heavy losses.Campaigns of Chaka Bey (1088-1093) Initial conquests. Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1090) Campaigns of Constantine Dalassenos (1091-92) Siege of Abydos and Death. Fall of Smyrna. TzachasPecheneg Turks Byzantine rebels Rhapsomates KarykesSupported by:- Sultanate of RumTurkoman mercenaries. Byzantine EmpireSupported by:- Sultanate of RumOther result Chaka Bey was initially supported by Rum, then governed by Abu'l-Qasim, and also in the beginning of Kilij Arslan's reign through a marriage alliance. Alexios I Komnenos incited Kilij Arslan against Chaka Bey which led to the Bey's assassination. Seljuks and Byzantines surround Smyrna by land & sea, leading to its fall. Although Kilij Arslan succeed in his motive, it led to a Seljuk loss by weakening the struggle against Byzantium.People's Crusade (1096) Siege of Xerigordos Battle of Civetot Sultanate of RumDefensive only:- Jews of France and Hungary. People's CrusadeSupported by:- Papal States Byzantine EmpireVictory Kilij Arslan breaks the Siege of Xerigordos and brutally punishes the crusaders. Kilij Arslan and army annihilate over 60,000 crusaders at Civetot.Siege of Malatya (1096) Sultanate of Rum Byzantine Empire Dominion of Gabriel of Melitene DanishmendidsDefeat Kilij Arslan attacked Malatya to capture it before the Danishmendids. Kilij Arslan fails to capture Malatya due to the fierce resistance of Gabriel of Melitene. According to some sources, Kilij Arslan also tended to invade the Danishmendids in Anatolia, which led to a battle that concluded with peace due to the First Crusade.First Crusade Siege of Nicaea Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)Anatolia:- Sultanate of Rum DanishmendidsLevant:- Seljuk Empire Antakya Governate Mosul Atabegate Emirate of Damascus Emirate of Aleppo Emirate of Homs Fatimid CaliphateCountries:- Duchy of Normandy County of Flanders Holy Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Norman Kingdom of SicilySupported by:- Papal StatesDefeat Large swaths of Anatolia, including Nicaea, fall to the Byzantine Empire. Sack of Nicaea, Iconium and Kayseri. Capital shifted to Konya. Kilij Arslan and allies are defeated at the Battle of Dorylaeum. The Crusaders successfully capture Jerusalem and establish the Crusader states.Battle with Sweyn the Crusader (1097) Sultanate of RumSupported by:- DanishmendidsTurkoman mercenaries. Army of Sweyn the CrusaderSupported by:-Victory Death of Sweyn the Crusader. Destruction of his army on way to Jerusalem.Siege of Malatya (1100) Battle of Melitene DanishmendidsSupported by:- Sultanate of Rum Byzantine Empire Dominion of Gabriel of Melitene Principality of AntiochVictory Although Malatya couldn't fall, Gazi Gümüshtigin ambushed and captured Bohemond I of Antioch. It is questioned whether Kilij Arslan supported him or not, as he himself wanted Malatya.Crusade of 1101 Fall of Ankara. Attacks on Gangra & Kastamonu. Battle of Mersivan. Battles of Heraclea.Anatolia:- Sultanate of Rum DanishmendidsLevant:- Seljuk Empire Emirate of Aleppo Fatimid Caliphate Duchy of Aquitaine County of Burgundy County of Roussillon Republic of Genoa Byzantine EmpireVictory Kilij Arslan and allies defeat the crusaders at the Battle of Mersivan. Kilij Arslan and army subsequently rout the crusaders at the Battles of Heraclea. Fatimids defeat the crusaders at the Battle of Ramla (1102) and besiege the city of Jaffa.Campaign to Antioch (1103)Anatolia:- Supported by:- Principality of Antioch Tancred Army of Tancred and loyalists.Campaign abandoned Kilij Arslan turns eastward due to Gazi Gümüshtigin's campaign in Malatya.Siege of Dyrrhachium (1107–1108) Byzantine Empire Alexios I Komnenos Alexios KomnenosSupported by:- Sultanate of Rum Seljuk mercenaries. Principality of Antioch Bohemond I of Antioch Army of Bohemond and loyalists. Norman Kingdom of Sicily Norman mercenaries.Victory Siege lifted. Treaty of Devol.Kilij Arslan's Eastern Campaigns Battle of Marash (1103) Siege of Malatya (1005) Siege of Urfa (1106) Fall of Harran Battle of Mosul (1107)Supported by:- Defensive only:- Artuqids of Mardin