Jean-Gabriel Thiébault (22 March 1783 – 24 January 1874) was a French military engineer under the First Empire and July Monarchy. He rose to the rank of general, was awarded the Saint Helena Medal, and under the restored monarchy was made a Knight of the Order of Saint Louis.

Family He was a son of Charles Gabriel Thiébault and Josèphe Rosalie Urbain. Charles was a lawyer to the parlement, royal counsellor and lieutenant to the royal provost-court and bailiff of Montmédy. In 1792, Charles-Gabriel was one of the two judges of the peace for the Montmédy district, in his case in charge of the town of Montmédy. Jean-Gabriel's paternal grandfather was Jean Thiébaul, husband of Barbe Ursule Carmouche, whilst his mother's brother was Gilles Urbain, curé of Montmédy.

Jean-Gabriel's brother Joseph Charles Auspice Thiébault was mayor of Thionville (1844–1861) and was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1852. His sister Louise-Joseph-Madeleine-Victoire, married viscount Jean-Baptiste Jamin, a général de division, and their son Paul-Victor Jamin was put in command of the expedition to China.

Life Early life He was born in Montmédy, with his paternal grandfather standing as godfather. He was educated by Gilles Urbain and abbé Bergnier, curé of Ville-es-Cloye. His good results at school gained him admission to France's École polytechnique aged sixteen with dispensation for age on 31 October 1801. He graduated from it in 1803 and on 24 September moved to the school at Metz. Four years later he joined the army engineers and in 1806 he was posted to Luxembourg.

Peninsular War

He was then sent to Spain and whilst with general Dupont's corps he was captured at the Battle of Bailén in July 1808 but freed shortly afterwards. He was promoted to captain, acted as aide de camp to general Joseph Rogniat and fought in several of the best-known sieges of the campaign, including those of Saguntum, Tortosa, Tarragona and Valencia.

It was at Tarragona on 21 June 1811 that he headed a party of fifty grenadiers, one of the five assault columns. He and his party managed to seize a semi-circular bastion then climb it into Fort Royal, pursue fleeing enemy troops and enter the San Domingo bastion.'Vingt-unième nuit, du 21 au 22 juin', Le Spectateur militaire, vol. 2, Paris, Mareschal, 1827, 678 p., p. 355-356 He was rewarded for this act of bravery with the equivalent of two months' extra pay and it was also mentioned in the Moniteur Universel At Valencia he served as a major and head of the attacking force.

Shortly after Tarragona he was given a brevet promotion as 'Chef de bataillon' in the engineers. He received one month's extra pay (333 francs in total) for bravery at the siege of Saguntum in October 1811.Archives Nationales, 384 AP 175, État des gratifications d'un mois de solde accordées par le maréchal Suchet aux officiers du génie qui ont été employés aux sièges d'Oropesa et de Sagonte, s.d.(cited by Colson 2006) At the siege of Valencia, after the engineers colonel Henry was killed in the siegeworks, general Rogniat ordered Thiébault and Pinot (another 'chef de bataillon') to replace him.

1813–1829 He fought at the battle of Bautzen and became a lieutenant colonel before leading the defence of the river Elbe at the Battle of Dresden. He was captured by the Russians when they took Dresden and taken to Hungary, returning to France in 1814. He was put in command of the engineers at Sedan on 20 July 1814.

During the Hundred Days he supported Napoleon and fought at the battle of Waterloo as chief of the engineering staff of 3rd Corps. He remained in the army after the defeat and in 1816 was made chief military engineer for Verdun, where he proposed a new plan of fortifications which was welcomed by his superiors. He was made a colonel in 1825 and became the third commander of the 1st Engineer Regiment since it was raised in 1814.

Charles X reviewed two regiments in Arras in September 1827, the 12th Chasseur Regiment (commanded by the count of Maillé and based in the city's citadel) and the regiment under Thiébault's command. One newspaper noted:

1830–1874 In 1831 he was made a Commander of the Legion of HonourBase Léonore and in August that year he ceased to command that regiment, moving to Verdun as director of military engineering, succeeding colonel de Beaufort d'Hautpoul in that post on the latter's death. He next moved to head military engineering in Metz and Mézières, a command which also included the engineering school and arsenal in Metz, the 2nd Regiment of Engineers and a company of labourers.

He was then sent to Algeria, where he took part in the 1838 Siege of Constantine. He was replaced as director of fortifications in Africa by colonel Vaillant at his own request so that he could take up an equivalent post in mainland France.'Ordres généraux', Le Moniteur Algérien, vol. 7e année, no 327, 17 March 1838, p. 1 The same year he was put in charge of Lyon's fortifications, which he then began to construct. He then spent time as director of the 24th "Direction des fortifications", the one covering Paris,'Chapitre XI - Corps Royal du Génie', Le Spectateur militaire, 1 June 1840, p. 358 producing the new fortifications demanded by Adolphe Thiers and initially headed by general Dode de la Brunerie.

He was promoted to general on 22 January 1843 and a week later was posted to the Fortifications Committee . He was provisionally replaced as head of the Paris fortifications division by colonel Gilberton, who remained in post until colonel Cathala arrived.'Nouvelles diverses', Le Commerce, 4 February 1843 He was placed in the reserves on 23 March 1845, retired on 12 April 1848, but was recalled from retirement and placed back in the reserves (2nd section of the Army General Staff) on 23 January 1853 under Napoleon III's decree.A. de Saint-Arnaud, Minister for War, untitled article, Mémorial Bordelais, no 14637, 29 January 1853, p. 1. He died at home at 23 rue de Miroménil in Paris aged 90 and was buried on 27 January 1874 – his pallbearers were generals Prudhon, Dubost and Durand-Devillers and colonel Merlin (from the 1st Engineer Regiment).

Ranks 1808 : Captain 1813 : Lieutenant-Colonel 1825 : Colonel 1843 : General

References In French unless otherwise noted.

Bibliography In French unless otherwise noted.

Biographies

Obituaries 'Ce qui se passe (nécrologie)', Le Gaulois, Paris, vol. 7th year, no 1934, 28 January 1874 'Mr le général Thiébault est mort hier soir', Le Figaro, Paris, vol. 21st year, no 26, 26 January 1874 'Le général Thiébault', Le Petit Moniteur Universel, Paris, no 27, 27 January 1874, p. 2 'Gazette du Jour (nécrologie du général Thiébault)', La Presse, Paris, vol. 39th year, 27 January 1874, p. 3

Other Honoré Fisquet, Dictionnaire des célébrités de la France, vol. 651–655, A. Pilon, 1879, 914 p., p. 327

Comte Suchet, « A.S. A.S. le prince de Neufchâtel et de Wagram », La Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 8 July 1811. Bruno Colson, Le général Rogniat ingénieur et critique de Napoléon, Paris, Economica, 2006.

External links Base Léonore