On 28 February 2026, the first day of the 2026 Iran war, the United States (US) Armed Forces struck the Shajareh Tayyebeh Elementary School in Minab, Hormozgan province in southern Iran with a Tomahawk missile, before following up with others in close proximity, directly killing 156 civilians, including 120 schoolchildren, 35 adults, and a fetus. , the attack was the deadliest strike in terms of civilian casualties in the ongoing war; it was also the deadliest US attack on civilians in the 21st century, being the deadliest since the Amiriyah shelter bombing in 1991.
Independent investigations, satellite-based analyses, and witness accounts concluded that the school was hit by a US military strike. Those which concluded the US' responsibility in the attack include the United Nations (UN), Amnesty International, Forensic Architecture (FA) and Sky News, Bellingcat, The New York Times (NYT), the Associated Press (AP), and others. Sources involved with the US military's internal investigation corroborated that the strike was perpetrated by the USbeing aware within hours of the strikedespite the probe not being concluded.
The attack was condemned by the Iranian government, the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the UN Secretary-General (UNSG), some of the US Congress, and other international human rights organizations and activists as a violation of international humanitarian law (IHL). A UN fact-finding mission concluded that there was reasonable grounds to believe the US committed war crimes. US congresspersons and international media outlets condemned the use of AI warfare against Iran, including the Department of Defense's (DoD) Project Mavena target tagging system integrating elements of Palantir's Maven Smart System and Anthropic's Claude large language model.
Background Minab elementary school and civilian elements The Shajareh Tayyebeh Elementary School in southern Minab was attended by both boys and girls taught on separate floors; girls were taught on the upper floor and boys on the lower. According to locals, the school was previously a military facility during the Iran-Iraq warending in 1988before being converted into a school. Its location was near the Sayyid al-Shuhada military complex which included the headquarters of the Asif Brigade of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy (IRGCN), whose operations were "likely administrative in nature" according to FA.
Investigations confirmed that the school had existed as a civilian institution for more than a decade, located close to, but separate from the IRGCN compound. According to satellite imagery, the building housing the school was walled within the IRGCN compound in 2013 and walled off from the rest of the compound by October 2016 at the latest. Its new external wall had three entrances separate from the rest of the compound, allowing entry without having to pass through the compound, and all were without a military security checkpoint. Imagery of a football pitch and assembly areas were visible in August 2017. By 2018, the school compound's walls were painted pink and blue, distinguishing the girls' and boys' yards respectively.
The Guardian determined there was no indication that the building served a military purpose and found that the adjacent compound buildings were a medical clinic and a pharmacy, the former of which was walled off from the compound between 2022 and 2023. Other buildings in the immediate surroundingssome of which were also hitwere also civilian, including a clinic, cultural center, supermarket, car wash, and café. The clinic had been inaugurated in January 2025 by then IRGC commander-in-chief, Major General Hossein Salami. Furthermore, the compound's four military security posts had been removed by 2016. According to Minab's mayor, the compound had been closed for about 15 years and all military personnel had moved out. The school and adjacent civilian facilities also had a rich online presence through its website and social media.
US–Iran nuclear negotiations, US military buildup, and use of artificial intelligence
In the preparation and planning of Operation Epic Fury, the DoD utilized Project Maven, an artificial intelligence software which uses machine learning algorithms to analyze and fuse vast amounts of surveillance datadesigned to streamline the targeting process and greatly reduce the amount of personnel involved in it. These systems rely on data integration software produced by Palantir Technologies. Capable of producing 1,000 target packages in one hour, the US military later claimed to have struck 6,000 targets in Iran during the first two weeks of the war.
Pentagon shutting of program to maintain civilian casualty policy Trump's administration reportedly made deep cuts to the Pentagon’s civilian harm mitigation and response (CHMR) program. A report by the Inspector General of the US Army, "the US military no longer has the people, tools or infrastructure needed to comply with two federal statutes requiring it to maintain a functioning civilian casualty policy, and operate a Civilian Protection Center of Excellence (CP CoE)."
Prelude
US and Israel begin striking Iran
On the morning of 28February 2026, the US and Israel jointly launched attacks against Iran. Airstrikes began to land around 9:45 a.m. IST, coinciding with the time at which Iranians usually send their children to school, as Saturday is a working day in Iran.
Attendance and closing of the school Human rights organization Hengaw stated that around 170 students were present in the school at the time while the Iranian Ministry of Education said that 264 students were present.
Between 10:00 and 10:15 a.m.—prior to the nationwide announcement closing schools—one teacher at the school saw that Tehran had been attacked. Believing that the neither the school nor the rest of the country would be attacked, the boys' head teacher, Pouran Gholipour, called an emergency announcement to close the school around 11:00 a.m., with the girls' section following suit shortly after. Teachers and administrators began to make calls to parents to have children picked up. Due to congestion and distance, many parents were not able to reach the school before the airstrike landed on the compound.
Events
First wave of strikes
At approximately 11:22 a.m., strikes on the area began. Of the initial nine strikes, taking place over a minute and a half, the school was the fourth building hit. The impact, landing in the southwesterly half of the building, instantaneously killed dozens inside. The impact affected over half of the structure, destroying the walls of the building and causing its roof to collapse, burying people underneath; graphic footage shows some bodies partly trapped, and others of body parts scattered around the site, some being as far as meters away. Some of those buried would die of suffocation. The explosion destroyed at least half of the two-story school building, collapsing much of the upper floor with the lower. Furthermore, according to eyewitness testimony by Hossein, father of schoolgirl victim Zahra: "The boys’ section was still partly standing. But the area where the girls took their lessons had been levelled." Footage taken on the school's brightly painted soccer and volleyball pitches shows smoke coming out of the school's windows, whose muraled walls were adorned with paintings of crayons, children, and an apple.
Immediately following the strike, witnesses recount the principal, teachers, and other staff running towards the building to bring out students who had survived the first strike. Videos, recorded between 12:30 and 1:15 p.m., show civilians and aid workers searching through the rubble, during which a number of children and teachers were rescued. From 1:47 p.m. onwards, multiple news outlets in Iran began to report about the attack, calling the building a girls' school and announcing an initial death toll of five, expecting that it would rise.
Second wave of strikes
According to testimony given to the Middle East Eye by two Red Crescent medics and a victim's parent, the initial strike to the school was followed by a second, "double tap" strike. One of the medics recounted that, following the first strike, the school's principal moved a group of students to a prayer room and called parents, asking them to come pick up their children; that area was then hit by a second strike, killing most that had taken shelter. The parent corroborates this story, relating he received a call from the school informing him of the first strike, which his daughter had survived; but before he could arrive, the school was hit again, and she was killed. According to Minab's mayor and the Iranian Ministry of Education, the school was triple tapped, being struck three times in total. Although satellite-base analysis by BBC Verify suggest the area of the school was hit with multiple missiles, later investigations confirmed only two missiles had impacted the school.
Twelve structures within the IRGC compound were significantly impacted by airstrikes sometime after 10:23 a.m., including the Shahid Absalan Specialist Clinic shortly after the airstrike on the school, which had begun treating those injured in the prior airstrike; it was one of five damaged sites whose roofs were punctured by munitions before the munitions' subsequent detonation. The Daily Telegraph characterized the strike on the clinic as "what appeared to be a second attack on the same location" and by authorities as a "follow-up attack". The NYT corroborated that smoke was billowing from two buildings.
Death toll
156 people were killed in the strike; the victims included 120 students (73 boys and 47 girls), 26 teachers (all of whom were women), seven parents of students (four men and three women), a school bus driver, a pharmacy technician from a nearby clinic, and a six-month-old fetus. Three more were presumed dead. Of the teachers killed, the school's principal was included. According to a local official, the fatalities included multiple parents who had come to pick up their children after the school's closure was ordered. This resulted in the death of three members of a four-member family. Fatalities rose from initial counts after the conclusion of recovery efforts on 1 March, with reported numbers fluctuating as more bodies of those killed were identified.
Of the three presumed to be dead, all were children. Despite their bodies nor any trace thereof having been found, they were found to include Makan Nasiri, Masiha Salari, and Amirali Jedavi. Nasiri's remains included only a blood-stained sweater and pair of sneakers. On 22 September, during a visit to the school, the judiciary spokesperson of Hormozgan officially announced that no remains of the three students had been found. All became symbols of civilian suffering during the conflict in Iran.
Fluctuation of death toll during aftermath