The Ushkan Caravanserai is a medieval archaeological monument in Kazakhstan.
Location The Ushkan Caravanserai is located in the Atyrau Region, Zhylyoi District, approximately 50 km southeast of the city of Kulsary. GPS coordinates: N 46° 35.095′; E 54° 30.604′.
Archaeological Research The monument was constructed along a caravan trade route connecting the countries of the West and the East. Currently, the Ushkan-ata Necropolis is situated on the ruins of the caravanserai. The necropolis contains preserved architectural monuments from the 19th–20th centuries: tombstones carved by master stonecutters, koshkartas (tombstones in the shape of rams), mausoleums, and saganatams constructed from shell stone blocks, among other structures. The Ushkan-ata Necropolis is officially included in the State Register of Monuments of History and Culture of Local Significance for Atyrau Region and has a legally established protection zone.U. Akhmetova, A. Muktar, P. Koltsov, M. Kassenov, A. Zhuniskhanov, E. Imashev, A. Turaruly, A. Zhumabayev. Golden Horde Cities, Caravanserais, and Caravan Routes in Western Kazakhstan: Interdisciplinary Studies (13th–15th Centuries). Annual Report of the Scientific Project for 2021. – Saraishyq: the State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Saraishyq", 2021. – 165 p.
The Russian scholar F. K. Brun identified the city of Trestago, marked on the 1367 map by the Pizzigano brothers, with the ruins of Ushkan.F. Brun. Periplus of the Caspian Sea Based on Maps of the 14th Century. // Notes of the Novorossiysk University. – Odessa, 1982. Vol. 8. – P. 32. Archaeologists A. Kh. Margulan and S. P. Tolstov also classified Ushkan as a caravanserai.A. Kh. Margulan. From the History of Cities and Architectural Art of Ancient Kazakhstan. – Alma-Ata: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 1950. – 122 p.P. S. Tolstov. Works of the Khorezm Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1949–1953 // Archaeological and Ethnographic Works of the Khorezm Expedition, 1949–1953. Vol. II. – Moscow: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1958. – pp. 7–258.
In 2025, an archaeological expedition from the "Saraishyq" Museum-Reserve, conducting excavations at the Ushkan site, uncovered part of a building structure erected from shell stone blocks.U. Akhmetova, A. Muktar, A. Turaruly, A. Zhumabayev, Zh. Baygaliyev, M. Shagirbayev. Golden Horde Cities of Karagayly, Ushkan, and Ashysay: History and Archaeology. Monograph. – Almaty: International Makhambet Foundation, 2025. – 192 p. Studying the exposed construction led archaeologists to conclude it was part of a caravanserai. The absence of traces of residential dwellings on the monument's territory suggested this was not a city but specifically a caravanserai.
During the research, a silver coin – a dirham – and a significant number of copper coins – puls – were discovered. The dirham was minted in the city of Moksha during the reign of Uzbek Khan, approximately in the 1320s–1330s.U. Akhmetova, A. Muktar, M. Kassenov, A. Turaruly, A. Zhumabayev. Golden Horde Cities, Caravanserais, and Caravan Routes in Western Kazakhstan (13th–16th Centuries). Monograph. – Almaty: Bolat Media Institution, 2023. – 158 p. Among the puls were coins of Uzbek Khan minted in Khorezm, coins of Janibek Khan minted in Saray al-Jadid, and coins of Mürid Khan issued in Saraishyq. U. Akhmetova, A. Muktar, A. Turaruly, A. Zhumabayev, Zh. Baygaliyev, M. Shagirbayev. Golden Horde Cities of Karagayly, Ushkan, and Ashysay: History and Archaeology. Monograph. – Almaty: International Makhambet Foundation, 2025. – 192 p.
References
Sources Golden Horde Monuments of Saraishyq, Ushkan, Ashysay, and Qaragaily in the Context of Historical and Cultural Heritage (13th–15th Centuries) Ushkan Ata Necropolis An expedition was organized at the site of the medieval city of Ushkan Works carried out at the Ushkan settlement (based on the results of the archaeological survey conducted in 2021)