Fonteneau is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Jean Fonteneau (1484–1544), Portuguese navigator, explorer and corsair Louis Fonteneau (1907–1989), French sports administrator Pascale Fonteneau (born 1963), French-born journalist and novelist in Belgium Theodora Fonteneau Rutherford (1904–1993), African-American accountant, clubwoman, college instructor