A parliamentary republic with an executive presidency is a form of parliamentary republic in which the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislature to which it is held accountable, but is characterized by a combined head of state–head of government office in the form of an executive president who carries out both functions. This is in contrast to conventional parliamentary systems (whether a monarchy or a republic) in which the executive is separate from the head of state, and a presidential system where the executive does not derive its legitimacy from the legislature. The president is typically elected by the legislature and must maintain its confidence to remain in office, for which purpose they may be required to hold a seat. This in contrast to more typical parliamentary systems, which do not feature an executive presidency and the president does not answer to parliament and is most commonly elected by popular vote, similarly to executive presidents in presidential systems.
This method of presidential election is distinct from an assembly-independent republic, in which either the head of government (as in the Federated States of Micronesia) or the directorial executive (as in Switzerland) are elected by the legislature but are not accountable to it. It is also distinct from the semi-presidential system in which the president is separate from the government subject to parliamentary confidence but shares executive power.
Countries Jurisdiction System Title Election Removal Term limits Position in cabinet Power to shape cabinet Promulgation of laws Granting pardons Emergency / War Other provisions BotswanaParliamentary President The president is elected by parliament (if election results in a hung parliament) and holds a parliamentary seat (ex-officio) If a vote of no confidence is successful and they do not resign, it triggers the dissolution of the legislature and new elections are called (section 92 of the Constitution). 2 Terms (10 years in total) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes GuyanaParliamentary President The president and the legislature are elected directly by the people via double simultaneous vote The president is constitutionally obligated to dissolve parliament after a successful no-confidence motion against the government ((article 106(6)) and new elections are called within 3 months (article 61)). 2 Terms (10 years in total) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes KiribatiElected prime-ministerial President The president is elected by plurality voting after candidates for the presidency are nominated by the newly elected legislature If a vote of no confidence against the president is successful, they are removed from office and the legislature stands dissolved (triggering a new election for it) in the interim a body known as the "Council of State" (comprising the chief justice, the president of the public service commission and speaker of the legislature) fulfills the functions of the presidency. 3 Terms (12 years in total) No Yes Yes Yes Marshall IslandsParliamentary President ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NauruParliamentary President The president is elected by parliament ? ? ? ? ? ? ? South AfricaParliamentary President The president is elected by the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, from among its members. The president may be removed either by a motion of no-confidence or an impeachment trial. 2 terms (10 years in total) ? Yes Yes Yes Yes (see section 37 of constitution) The president is required to be a member of the National Assembly at the time of the election. Upon election, the president immediately resigns their seat for the duration of the presidential term. ZimbabweParliamentary President The president is elected by a joint sitting of the Senate and the National Assembly after every general election. The president may be removed by joint resolution of the National Assembly and the Senate. 2 terms (14 years in total) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Former Jurisdiction Title Election Removal Term limits Position in cabinet Power to shape cabinet Promulgation of laws Granting pardons Emergency / War Other provisions Remarks Indonesia President The president was elected by the People's Consultative Assembly by plurality. (Article 6(2)) The process of removal was not defined. The president would be replaced by the vice president if there was any vacancy (e.g. died, resigned, or incapable to do their duties). (Article 8) No term limit was defined. (Article 7) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes The 2001 amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia, which had occurred just few months after the ousting of then president Abdurrahman Wahid, replaced this de facto parliamentary system with a purely presidential one. This should not be confused with the parliamentary system of Liberal Democracy period (with prime minister as the head of government), where it was created under the Provisional Constitution of 1950. The Protectorate Lord Protector The Lord Protector was elected by the Council of State. Later under the Humble Petition and Advice the Lord Protector was given the power to nominate a successor. The process of removal was not defined. None (served for life) ? ? Yes Yes No The Lord Protector served for life and officially was non-hereditary. Oliver Cromwell served as first Lord Protector after the Execution of Charles I, first under the Instrument of Government and later the Humble Petition and Advice. After his death his son and designated successor Richard Cromwell was appointed as Lord Protector. Richard Cromwell served only eighth mouths until he was forced to resign and the British Monarchies were restored.
Sub-national level
Austria AustriaTitleElectionRemovalTerm limitsPosition in cabinetPower to shape cabinetPromulgation of lawsGranting pardonsEmergency / WarOther provisionsBurgenlandLandeshauptmannCarinthiaLandeshauptmannLower AustriaLandeshauptmannSalzburgLandeshauptmannStyriaLandeshauptmannTyrolLandeshauptmannUpper AustriaLandeshauptmannViennaBürgermeisterVorarlbergLandeshauptmann
Germany GermanyTitleElectionRemovalTerm limitsPosition in cabinetPower to shape cabinetPromulgation of lawsGranting pardonsEmergency / WarOther provisionsBaden-WürttembergMinister-presidentMajority of members of parliamentConstructive vote of no confidence Noguideline competencelimited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval, the state parliament may recall individual cabinet ministers with a two-thirds majority) YesBavariaMinister-presidentSimple majority of members of parliamentNone, but if the Minister-president does not resign although they have lost the confidence of parliament, they can be indicted before the state constitutional court Noguideline competencelimited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval) Yes YesBerlinGoverning MayorSimple majority of members of parliamentVote of no confidence (if the state parliament does not elect a new Governing Mayor within 21 days, the former officeholder is reinvested automatically) Noguideline competencefullNo (whole cabinet)BrandenburgMinister-PresidentMajority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot)Constructive vote of no confidence Noguideline competencefull YesBremenPresident of the SenateSimple majority of members of parliamentConstructive vote of no confidenceNoceremonial precedencenone (the parliament elects and dismisses all cabinet members) No (whole cabinet)may not be a member of the state parliamentHamburgFirst MayorMajority of members of parliamentConstructive vote of no confidenceNoguideline competencelimited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval) No (whole cabinet)may not be a member of the state parliamentHesseMinister-presidentMajority of members of parliamentVote of no confidence Noguideline competencelimited (dismissal of cabinet members subject to parliamentary approval) Yesmembers of noble houses, which have reigned in Germany before 1918, are ineligible for officeLower SaxonyMinister-presidentMajority of members of parliament or plurality, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 21 days and does not dissolve itself thereuponConstructive vote of no confidence Noguideline competencelimited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval) YesMecklenburg-VorpommernMinister-presidentMajority of members of parliament or plurality, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 28 days and does not dissolve itself thereuponConstructive vote of no confidence Noguideline competencefull YesNorth Rhine-WestphaliaMinister-PresidentMajority of members of parliament (first ballot), simple majority (second and third ballot), runoff (fourth ballot)Constructive vote of no confidence Noguideline competencefull Yeshas to be a member of the state parliamentRhineland-PalatinateMinister-presidentMajority of members of parliamentVote of no confidence Noguideline competencefull YesSaarlandMinister-presidentMajority of members of parliamentVote of no confidence Noguideline competencelimited (cabinet appointments and dismissals subject to parliamentary approval) No (whole cabinet)SaxonyMinister-presidentMajority of members of parliament (first ballot), simple majority (following ballots)Constructive vote of no confidence Noguideline competencefullTogether with president of parliament YesSaxony-AnhaltMinister-presidentMajority of members of parliament or simple majority, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 14 days and does not dissolve itself thereuponConstructive vote of no confidence Noguideline competencefull YesSchleswig-HolsteinMinister-presidentMajority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot)Constructive vote of no confidence Noguideline competencefull YesThuringiaMinister-presidentMajority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot)Constructive vote of no confidence Noguideline competencefull Yes
South Africa South AfricaTitleElectionRemovalTerm limitsPosition in cabinetPower to shape cabinetPromulgation of lawsGranting pardonsEmergency / WarOther provisionsEastern CapePremierMajority of members of parliamentVote of no confidenceTwo terms maximumFree StateGautengLimpopoMpumalangaNorthern CapeNorth WestWestern Cape
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