This is a list of members of royal families who entered into a proxy marriage throughout history.
Pre 11th century Clovis I King of the Franks to Clotilde, in 496. This is one of the first known proxy marriages in Western history.
11th century Alfonso VI of Galacia and León to Adeliza (daughter of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders), before 1074. She died before the marriage was consummated.
12th century Alfonso VIII of Castile to Eleanor of England, in 1170
13th century Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor to Isabella II of Jerusalem, in August 1225 Henry I of Cyprus to Alice of Montferrat, in 1229 Henry III of England to Eleanor of Provence, in November 1235. He had already been contracted to marry by proxy to Yolanda of Brittany, but this arrangement was annulled. He had also been married by proxy to Joan, Countess of Ponthieu earlier in 1235, but that marriage was abandoned as it was politically unacceptable to the French and was later annulled. The annulment was granted as the marriage had not been consummated and Henry and Joan were related within the forbidden degrees. Yolande of Brittany instead married Hugh XI of Lusignan in January 1236. Joan of Ponthieu instead married Ferdinand III of Castile in October 1237. Richard of Cornwall (the second son of John, King of England, and Isabella, Countess of Angoulême) to Sanchia of Provence, in July 1242. Sanchia was already married by proxy to Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, but he had failed to obtain an annulment of his first marriage to Sancha of Aragon so the arrangement was declared void. Richard and Sanchia were later crowned as king and queen of Germany, by the Archbishop of Cologne, on 17 May 1257. Manfred, King of Sicily to Beatrice of Savoy, Marchioness of Saluzzo, in March 1247 Llewelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales to Eleanor de Montfort, in 1275 Giovanni Malatesta to Francesca da Rimini in 1275 Alfonso III of Aragorn to Eleanor of England, on 15 August 1290. Alfonso died in 1291 before the couple met, so the marriage was not consummated. She went on to marry Henry III, Count of Bar on 20 September 1293. Philip II, Latin Emperor to Thamar Angelina Komnene, in 1294. The marriage ended in divorce in 1309 and Tharmar died in 1311. He remarried to Catherine of Valois in 1313.
14th century Robert the Wise, King of Naples to Sancia of Majorca, on 17 June 1304 Sancho of Majorca to Maria of Naples, on 20 September 1304 Edward II of England to Isabella of France, in 1305 James II of Aragon to Marie of Lusignan, on 15 June 1315 Edward III of England to Philippa of Hainault, in October 1327 Guy of Lusignan to Marie de Bourbon, Princess of Achaea, on 30 December 1328 Peter of Castile to Joan of England, in 1348, however she died of the Black Death while travelling in Bordeaux on her way to Castile and León James IV of Majorca to Joanna I of Naples, on 14 December 1362 Haakon VI of Norway to Margaret I of Denmark, on 9 April 1363 Peter II of Cyprus to Valentina Visconti, in 1377 John I of Aragon to Violant of Bar, on 9 October 1379Bratsch-Prince, Dawn. (2002) "Pawn or Player?: Violant of Bar and the Game of Matrimonial Politics in the Crown of Aragon (1380–1396)." Marriage and Sexuality in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. Routledge. pp. 59-89. e. James of Baux to Agnes of Durazzo, on 16 September 1382 Louis I, Duke of Orléans to Mary, Queen of Hungary, in April 1385. Four months after the proxy marriage, Sigismund of Luxembourg married Mary, ignoring her previous proxy wedding. Charles III of Naples then invaded Hungary, Sigismund fled, and Mary was forced to abdicate. Charles was not king for long, as he was stabbed on 7 February 1386 and died of his wounds on 24 February 1386. Mary was restored as Queen of Hungary and she and her husband Sigismund were officially co-rulers until the end of her life in 1395 after a horse riding accident. Sigismund remained as King of Hungary and Charles' son Ladislaus of Naples would later try to regain the Hungarian throne and proclaimed himself Duke of Slavonia, a title with no basis. John I of Portugal to Philippa of Lancaster, on 14 February 1387 Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy to Mary of Burgundy, on 30 October 1393 Richard II of England to Isabella of Valois, on 9 March 1396
15th century Henry IV of England to Joanna of Navarre, on 2 April 1402 Martin I of Sicily to Blanche I of Navarre, in May 1402Fößel, Amalie (2013). "The Political Traditions of Female Rulership in Medieval Europe". In Bennett, Judith M.; Karras, Ruth Mazo (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Women and Gender in Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–83. Thomas Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel to Beatrice of Portugal (illegitimate daughter of John I of Portugal), in April 1405 Erik of Pomerania to Philippa of England, on 26 November 1405 Janus, King of Cyprus to Charlotte of Bourbon, on 2 August 1409 Filippo Maria Visconti to Marie of Savoy, Duchess of Milan, on 2 December 1427 Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy to Isabella of Portugal, in 1429 John II of Cyprus to Amadea Palaiologina of Montferrat, in 1437 Francesco I Sforza to Bianca Maria Visconti on 25 October 1441 Henry VI of England to Margaret of Anjou, on 24 May 1444 John de la Pole to Margaret Beaufort, in 1450. The marriage was annulled in 1453. John went on to marry Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk (sister of the Yorkist kings Edward IV and Richard III). Margaret went on to marry three times: firstly to Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, secondly to Sir Henry Stafford and thirdly to Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby. Sforza Maria Sforza, Duke of Bari to Eleanor of Naples, in 1465. The marriage was not consummated, a divorce was negotiated by the brides father and a new marriage arranged for her to Ercole I d'Este. Alfonso II of Naples to Ippolita Maria Sforza, in 1465 Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan to Bona of Savoy, on 9 May 1468Hamilton, Keith; Langhorne, Richard (1995). The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory, and Administration (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 278. James II of Cyprus to Catherine Cornaro, on 30 July 1468 Lorenzo de' Medici, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic, to Clarice Orsini, on 7 February 1469 Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry to Joanna la Beltraneja, on 26 October 1470 Ivan III of Russia to Sophia Palaiologina of Byzantium, on 1 June 1472, Ivan Fryazin stood as proxy for the Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia Fernando II, Duke of Braganza to Isabel of Viseu, in 1472 James IV of Scotland to Cecily of York, on 26 December 1474. The marriage was not proceeded with after the death of Cecily's father King Edward IV, the usurpation of the English throne by her uncle King Richard III and Cecily and her siblings being declared illegitimate. Her uncle married her to Ralph Scrope, the younger brother of the 6th Baron Scrope of Masham. After the accession of King Henry VII, her marriage was dissolved and she married the half-brother of the King's mother Margaret Beaufort, John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles. Vladislaus II of Hungary to Barbara of Brandenburg, in 1475 Matthias Corvinus to Beatrice of Naples, on 15 September 1476 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor to Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, in 1477 Piero the Unfortunate to Alfonsina Orsini, in 1486 John Corvinus (illegitimate son of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary) to Bianca Maria Sforza, widow of Philibert I, Duke of Savoy, on 25 November 1487. The formal marriage never took place. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor to Anne of Brittany, on 19 December 1490. Wolfgang von Polheim was proxy for Maximilian and as part of the symbolism of the proxy wedding on the wedding night Polheim went to bed with Anne but wore a full suit of armour apart from on his right leg and hand. A sword was also placed between them in the bed. The unconsummated marriage was declared null and void due to diplomatic and military pressure. Maximilian later married Bianca Maria Sforza, and Anne married Charles VIII of France in December 1491, who was already betrothed himself to the 3-year-old Margaret of Austria. After Charles VIII died in a riding accident on 4 April 1498, Anne married his successor as King of France, Louis XII, on 6 December 1491 after Pope Alexander VI annulled his childless marriage to Joan of France, Duchess of Berry on 15 February 1492 with the retroactive date of 5 December 1491. Louise XII hoped to annex permanently the Duchy of Brittany to the French Crown by his marriage to Anne. Afonso, Prince of Portugal to Isabella of Aragon, in 1490Rodrigues Oliveira, Ana (2010). Rainhas medievais de Portugal. Dezassete mulheres, duas dinastias, quatro séculos de História (in Portuguese). Lisbon: A esfera dos livros. p. 257. . Giovanni Sforza to Lucrezia Borgia, on 12 June 1493. The marriage was annulled due to claims of his impotence and on the grounds of non-consummation in March 1497. Lucrezia later married secondly to Alfonso of Aragon, Duke of Bisceglie and Prince of Salerno then thirdly to Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. Giovanni later married to Ginevra Tiepolo, who gave him two sons. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor to Bianca Maria Sforza, in 1493 Gioffre Borgia to Sancha of Aragon (natural daughter of Alfonso II of Naples), in 1494 Philip the Handsome to Joanne of Castille, on 4 November 1495 John, Prince of Asturias to Margaret of Austria, in 1495. The marriage was celebrated in person on 5 October 1497, but Prince John died five months later Prince Arthur Tudor to Catherine of Aragon, on 19 May 1499
16th century Manuel I of Portugal to Maria of Aragon, in 1500 Philibert II, Duke of Savoy to Archduchess Margaret of Austria, on 26 July 1501 James IV of Scotland to Margaret Tudor, on 25 January 1502 Ferdinand II of Aragon to Germaine of Foix, in 1505Parker, Geoffrey (2019). Emperor: A New Life of Charles V. Yale University Press. . p. 553. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to Mary Tudor, in December 1508. Before she travelled to Spain, agreements shifted in Europe, the marriage was called off and Mary's brother Henry VIII made an alliance with the French king Louis XII. Mary was instead married to the French king in 1514. Louis XII of France to Mary Tudor, on 13 August 1514 Christian II of Denmark to Isabella of Austria, in 1514, with her grandfather Emperor Maximilian I standing in for the king. The king of Denmark had first intended to marry Isabella's eldest sister Eleanor of Austria, who went on to become Queen of Portugal (1518–1521) then Queen of France (1530–1547). Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor to Anne of Bohemia and Hungary, in 1515 Sigismund the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, to Bona Sforza, on 6 December 1517 Manuel I of Portugal to Eleanor of Austria, on 10 July 1518 Stephen VII Báthory to Sophia of Masovia, on 17 September 1520 Charles III, Duke of Savoy to Beatrice of Portugal, on 4 August 1521 Francis I of France to Eleanor of Austria, in 1526. The proxy wedding was conducted during Francis' captivity in Spain and the match formed part of the Treaty of Cambrai, also called the "Ladies' Peace." It helped end war between France and Spain, which was ruled by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who was Eleanor's brother. The marriage was formalised in person in 1530Wurzbach, Constantin von (1860). "Habsburg, Eleonore von Oesterreich (Tochter Philipp's von Oesterreich)". Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. Vienna: Verlag L. C. Zamarski. Maharana Ratan Singh II of Mewar Kingdom to a daughter of Raja Prithviraj Singh I of Amber, in 1530. Singh's sword had been married as a proxy representing him, but the wedding was kept a secret. Hada prince Surajmal of Bundi was unaware and obtained her as his wife, causing unintended offence Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland to Catherine of Austria, on 23 June 1533 Francis II, Duke of Milan to Christina of Denmark, on 23 September 1533 Henry II of France to Catherine de' Medici, in 1533