Tibold (Tybold or Tibolch) was a gens (Latin for "clan"; nemzetség in Hungarian) in the Kingdom of Hungary, and later in the Kingdom of Croatia. The namesake founder of the kindred, Theobald, arrived from the Kingdom of Germany in the late 10th century, during the reign of Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians. The clan held lands in Somogy and Križevci counties, along the river Drava.
The Slavonian Szencsei (Svetački; de Zempche) family descended from this clan.
Origin
The Tibold genus was among the so-called advena ("newcomer") clans of foreign origin in the Kingdom of Hungary. The mid-13th century historian Master Ákos remembers the origin of the kindred in a single sentence. The chronicler calls the kinship after their primary residence Babócsa and writes that they came from "Samberg" to Hungary. Ákos' text was preserved by the 14th-century chronicle composition, including the Illuminated Chronicle. The brevity of the chronicle indicates that the members of the family were not prominent figures in national politics in the middle of the 13th century. Another chronicler Simon of Kéza, who compiled his work Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum in the early 1280s, provides more and slightly different details about the origin of the kindred. Accordingly, the ancestor of the kindred was a certain "Count Theobald of Fanberg", who was invited to Hungary by Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians in the late 10th century. The chronicler emphasizes that Theobald and his family originated from "Vandeuchumlant" ("von Deutschland"), i.e. from Germany, describing the country of origin in German. Simon also refers to Theobald with the epithet "Grauu" which then became an alternative surname of the family by the 13th century. Historian János Karácsonyi assumed its meaning "grey". In contrast, Mór Wertner argued this epithet came from his title of count ("Graf"). This was accepted by other historians, e.g. Elemér Mélyusz.
Historians have made several attempts to identify the place of origin ("Samberg" or "Fanberg"). Mór Wertner connected Theobald to the House of Schaumburg. He considered that Theobald was among those Bavarian lords and knights, who arrived to Hungary in the accompaniment of Queen Gisela of Bavaria, the spouse of the future Hungarian king Stephen around 996. Elemér Mályusz rejected the identification with the Schamburg dynasty. Instead, he identified the place of origin with the castle of Schaunberg along the river Danube near Eferding in present-day Hartkirchen, Upper Austria. Erik Fügedi considered that Theobald was a "count from Thuringia".
According to Bálint Hóman, Theobald participated in the civil war between Stephen and Koppány for the Hungarian throne in 997 and 998, alongside other members of the German entourage of Gisela. Following the defeat of Koppány, his territory the Duchy of Somogy was disintegrated. For his military service during the struggle, Theobald was granted landholdings in the southern part of the emerging Somogy County, along the river Drava, by Stephen I. The settlement Babócsa became the centre of his estates in the region. Archaeologist Kálmán Magyar considered that Theobald possessed sporadic lands also in the interior areas of the county, and the town Tab is named after him, where he plausibly built a fortified manor.
Early history Several historians – for instance, Bálint Hóman, Elemér Mályusz and György Györffy – argued that certain Tietpaldus comes, who appears in the account of Berthold of Reichenau as an influential courtier of King Andrew I of Hungary in 1060, belonged to the Tibold clan and he was a son or grandson of its namesake founder. Györffy even claimed that this Theobald was the founder of the arriving kindred. This Theobald mediated in the forging of alliance between Andrew I and the court of Henry IV of Germany. When Duke Béla, the younger brother of the ailing Andrew rebelled against him in 1060, Andrew I entrusted Theobald to deliver the royal family – Queen Anastasia and young princes Solomon and David – to Melk Abbey under the protection of Ernest, Margrave of Austria. Finally, Béla dethroned Andrew by force in 1060.
Two members of the kindred – Grab and Theobald (possibly father and son) – served as ispáns of Somogy County at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries (c. 1090 and 1111–1113, respectively). Wertner considered that Grab's name derived from the title "Graf", in accordance with Simon of Kéza's narration. Grab was a courtier of Ladislaus I of Hungary. He was present when Ladislaus I founded the Bishopric of Zagreb sometime between 1087 and 1090, in areas adjacent to Somogy County. His possible son Theobald escorted King Coloman to Dalmatia in 1111. According to Croatian historian Vjekoslav Klaić, Theobald held the office of ban of Slavonia sometime during his career, because later members of the kindred identified themselves "de genere Tybold bani", while János Karácsonyi claimed that one of the 13th-century members called Theobald functioned in this capacity.
Around 1093 or 1094, Grab founded a Benedictine monastery in Garáb in Syrmia County (present-day Grabovo, Serbia), dedicated to Margaret the Virgin. Consequently, the settlement was named after him thereafter. Presumably in the 12th century, members of the Tibold kindred erected another Benedictine monastery in Béla (today Bijela, Croatia), dedicated to Margaret too. Their third monastery was founded in Babócsa, dedicated to Saint Nicholas, in the first decades of the 13th century. The latter became the central monastery of the entire clan, serving as its burial place. The three monasteries were repeatedly brought under unified management based on the surviving sources.
In sources Partition of estates Throughout the 12th century, the Tibolds acquired lands beyond the left bank of river Drava in the territory of Slavonia. Simultaneously, Križevci County was established from detached territories of Somogy County. They expanded their wealth into the valleys of streams Stupčanica, Tapolca and Peker until the river Sava. There, along the stream Subocka, the future lordship of Szencse (present-day Novska, Croatia) was formed. The Tibolds became the wealthiest kindred of the region, alongside the Téténys.
Aside from the early 11th-century ispáns, the first known member of the clan was Budur or Bodor (I), who lived at the turn of the 12–13th centuries. He had six sons, James (I), Cosmas, Petke, Thomas, Budur (II) and Theobald (I). They decided to divide their extensive estates and landholdings in 1231, the earliest surviving such contract within a family from the Kingdom of Hungary. The eldest brothers – James, Cosmas and Petke – were granted the ancient seat Babócsa, in addition to Tarnóca (today a borough of Barcs), Szedereg, Komlósd, Péterhida, Décse, Domján, Vajon, Rozmen, Ruszen, Bolhó, Nagykaszó and Kiskaszó in Somogy County. They also acquired the lordship along the river Toplica near present-day Daruvar in Križevci County in Slavonia, together with the villages Bük, Csaba, István and Doboka along Drava. The younger sons – Thomas, Budur and Theobald – received the lordship of Lábod, which consisted of fourteen settlements in the southern part of Somogy County. In addition, the also became owners of the lordship of Szencse in the Sava region.
Spreading to Slavonia
The Tibolds were prominent landowners in the region throughout the 13th century, but they did not manage to reach a national role in the royal court. Prior to the Mongol invasion of Hungary, they erected a 30x35 m motte-and-bailey castle on the bank of Rinya in their main estate Babócsa. According to archaeologist Kálmán Magyar, it was still used during the Ottoman period. The Tibolds also constructed a fortified manor in the settlement, near to their monastery. James and Petke were referred to as patrons of Garáb Abbey in 1234, when sold the estate Szélborona (Zelbarouna), which was situated on the southwestern slopes of the Papuk mountain, to Ivánka Zsadány. The abbot complained that Ivánka seized the estate by force, but Ugrin Csák, Archbishop of Kalocsa validated the sale after the brothers' testimony. After Béla IV ascended the Hungarian throne in 1235, James was involved in that investigation committee led by Bartholomew, Bishop of Veszprém in 1236–1237, which supervised and sometimes overruled previous land grants occurred in Somogy County, among others. In this capacity, he took part in the judgment over the estate Borhod between a certain George, son of Maurus and the royal crown (Somogy Castle). Among the six brothers, only Theobald is mentioned hereinafter, he was still alive in 1269, when still possessed Lábod.
James (I) had two sons and a daughter. Shortly after the Mongol invasion in 1241, James (II) and Theobald (II) donated an estate in Križevci County between the rivers Stupčanica (Szaplonca) and Kretin, near present-day Brestovac, Croatia to their brother-in-law Izsó Gyenesi. The elderly James (II) confirmed this act together with his adult sons John (II), Leustach and Ladislaus before the collegiate chapter of Čazma in 1302.
Among the sons of Cosmas, Alexander (mentioned only once in 1269) married a daughter of comes Pribislaus Kamarcai. His another two sons Zerje and Demetrius (II) entered into a property division agreement with the three sons of Theobald (I) – Nicholas (I), John (I) and Denis – in 1294, regarding those estates which the clan acquired after the aforementioned first such act in 1231. Accordingly, Zerje and Demetrius (II) were granted Som and Kapurév (today a borough of Szabadhídvég) with its river port in the northeastern part of Somogy County, while Nicholas (I), John (I) and Denis received Lesnek (Sloboština, present-day a borough of Brestovac), Cirkvena and Koseth, the villages surrounding the Szencse lordship in Križevci County, which further deepened the separation of the Hungarian and Slavonian branches from each other. Nevertheless, Zerje possessed the castle of Stupčanica (Szaplonca, today in Veliki Bastaji) in Slavonia. During the era of interregnum in the early 14th century, Zerje and his cousin John (I) concluded a defense alliance with each other in 1307. Both of them belonged to the partisans of Charles I of Hungary, who confirmed their treaty in 1313.