By the Pool is a landscape by the Russian artist Isaac Levitan (1860–1900), completed in 1892. It is kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow (inventory 1484). The size is 150×209 cmГосударственная Третьяковская галерея — каталог собрания / Я. В. Брук, Л. И. Иовлева. — М.: Красная площадь, 2001. — V. 4: Живопись второй половины XIX века, book 1, А—М. — P. 358. — . (according to other sources 151.5×212 cm).Исаак Левитан — У омута, 1892. Моя Третьяковка — my.tretyakov.ru. Дата обращения: 20 September 2021. Archive: 21 September 2021. The foreground of the canvas shows small bridges leading into the timbers of a dam, with a pond to the right. On the other side of the river, a narrow path leads past coastal bushes into a dark twilight forest.
Levitan began to work on the picture in 1891 in the Tver province, using as a model the natural landscape near the Tma River near the village of Bernovo. In the winter of 1891/1892 he continued to work on the painting in Moscow, and in February 1892 it was presented at the 20th Exhibition of the Association of Travelling Art Exhibitions ("Peredvizhniki"), which opened in St. Petersburg. Directly from the exhibition canvas was bought from the author by Pavel Tretyakov, in agreement with whom Levitan later finalized the image of the water surface, using sketches written by him in the summer of 1892 in the Vladimir province.Государственная Третьяковская галерея — каталог собрания / Я. В. Брук, Л. И. Иовлева. — М.: Красная площадь, 2001. — V 4: Живопись второй половины XIX века, book 1, А—М. — pp. 358–359. —
The painting By the Pool is one of the three greatest works of the artist — together with the paintings Over Eternal Peace (1894) and Lake (1899–1900) Together with two other works from the first half of the 1890s —Over Eternal Peace and Vladimirka (1892)— By the Pool is sometimes grouped into the so-called "dark" or "dramatic" trilogy of Levitan.
Art historian Aleksei Fedorov-Davydov considered the work By the Pool to be "the first experience on the way of creating a national image in the landscape", and called it "one of the outstanding canvases of itinerant landscape painting", at the same time noting that this painting "is not an undisputed success" Levitan. The art historian Grigory Sternin wrote that the size of the canvas and "a somewhat dramatized characteristic of the object and color environment" indicate that one of the author's goals was "to create an epic spectacle, not devoid of elements of fairy-tale theatricality".
History
Previous events and work on the painting
The painting By the Pool was conceived and begun in 1891, when Isaac Levitan lived in the village of Zatishye, Staritsky uyezd, Tver province (now on the territory of Staritsky district, Tver region).Старицкий район. Энциклопедический справочник «Тверская область», region.tverlib.ru. Дата обращения: 17 May 2016. He was accompanied by the artist Sofia Kuvshinnikova, and they were invited to spend the summer in the Tver region by Lika Mizinova, whom Levitan knew well as a close friend of Maria Pavlovna, the sister of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.
Levitan and Kuvshinnikova arrived in these regions in May. In a letter to Anton Chekhov dated May 29, 1891,To date events that took place in the Russian Empire, the Julian calendar ("old style") is used. the artist wrote: "I am writing to you from that charming corner of the earth, where everything, from the air and the end, God forgive me, the last anything on earth is imbued with it, it — the divine Lika!" In the same letter Levitan reported that he had settled close to the estate of Nikolai Pavlovich Panafidina (Lika Mizinova's uncle), and wrote that he had not quite succeeded in choosing the place: "On my first visit here I thought everything seemed very nice here, and now quite the opposite, I go and wonder how I could like it all". In June, Levitan's mood improved, and he wrote to Chekhov: "With the change of weather here has become more interesting, appeared quite interesting motifs".
Not far from Zatishya, in the village of Bernovo, near the Tma River, was the estate of Anna Nikolayevna Wulf, who inherited it from her father, Nikolai Ivanovich Wulf, who died in 1889.Пушкин в воспоминаниях современников / И. В. Захаров. — М.: Захаров, 2005. — P. 472. — Levitan liked the landscape of a pond near an old ruined mill and began to make a pencil sketch. When the landlady saw what he was drawing, she told him a legend that supposedly inspired Alexander Pushkin to write the drama Rusalka.
The story was connected with the time when Anna Nikolayevna's grandfather, Ivan Ivanovich Wolf, was the owner of Bernov. The descriptions of this legend differ somewhat from one author to another. According to one source, Ivan Ivanovich, despite the fact that he was married and had five children, chose peasant girls for his entertainment. One of the young peasant girls, who had been looking for a barin, fell in love with his maid and engaged her. When Ivan Ivanovich found out, he was furious and ordered his servant to be recruited. Knowing that after that nothing would save her from the tavern's harassment, the girl drowned herself in a pool. In another version, the servant was not a valet, but a stable boy, and the girl's name was Natasha, the daughter of a miller. The young people fell in love, and Natasha got pregnant. When word of their secret love reached the Wolf, the stable boy was beaten to a pulp and then given to the soldiers, and his beloved drowned herself in grief.
The story of Anna Nikolayevna Wulf greatly excited Levitan. With a feeling of anxiety he went near the dam and returned there the next day. Gradually he came up with the idea of painting a picture. Sophia Kuvshinnikova recalled: "After making a small sketch, Levitan decided to write a large study from nature, and for a week in the morning we sat in the car —Levitan on the goats, I in the back seat— and drove the study, like an icon, to the mill, and then the same way back. Then, when I left for Moscow, Panafidiny offered Levitan to move to them, in Pokrovskoye, and here, in the large hall assigned to him for the workshop, he wrote his picture".
In fact, after Kuvshinnikova left for Moscow in August, Levitan moved to Kurovo-Pokrovskoye, an estate owned by Nikolai Pavlovich Panafidin and his wife Serafima Alexandrovna. The main house of the estate is depicted in Sofia Kuvshinnikova's sketch The House in Kurovo-Pokrovskoye (1891), kept in the Tver Regional Picture Gallery. The owners provided Levitan with a spacious dining room with five windows for his work. Kuvshinnikova described the artist's stay at the Panafidinyh estate as follows: "For Levitan cared and looked after the whole house, which came together more than twenty people relatives. Everyone arranged their time according to Levitan's occupations". In gratitude for the hospitality of the same autumn, Levitan painted a portrait of Nikolai Panafidin (now in the Tver Regional Art Gallery),Портрет Николая Панафидина. Левитан И. И.. Культура.РФ — ar.culture.ru. Дата обращения: 22 September 2021. Archive: 26 September 2021. depicting the owner of the house sitting in an armchair. Researchers of Levitan's work believe that in the estate Panafidinyh artist wrote one of the sketches for the painting By the Pool, and the main canvas was created by him in the winter of 1891/1892 in Moscow.
20th Travelling Exhibition and next events
In early 1892, the painting By the Pool was completed. It was exhibited at the 20th exhibition of the Society of Travelling Art Exhibitions,Товарищество передвижных художественных выставок. Письма, документы. 1869—1899 / В. В. Андреева, М. В. Астафьева, С. Н. Гольдштейн, Н. Л. Приймак. — М.: Искусство, 1987. — P. 413. which opened in St. Petersburg on February 23, 1892, and moved to Moscow in April of the same year. The St. Petersburg part of the exhibition was held in the building of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and the Moscow part in the premises of the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. The exhibition also included other works by Levitan — October (1891, now in the Samara Regional Art Museum), as well as Autumn and Summer (location unknown). However, "the most important and significant" of the works exhibited by Levitan at this exhibition was the painting By the Pool. The canvas immediately attracted attention. Landscape painter Alexander Kiselyov in a letter to the painter Grigory Yartsev reported that "Levitan is just a miracle how strong in the new painting By the Pool". On the other hand, Ilya Repin wrote to Pavel Tretyakov that "Levitan's big thing" he did not like — "for its size is not made at all", "in general it is not bad, but nothing else".
A number of publications appeared in the Moscow and St. Petersburg press discussing the painting By the Pool. In general, the reactions were much less than to A Quiet Monastery, exhibited a year earlier (at the 19th traveling exhibition), and the general tone of the comments was more restrained, and among them there were even disapproving. The anonymous author of the article "Exhibition of Paintings by Wandering Artists", published in the Peterburgskaya Gazetar (№ 53, February 24, 1892), discussing the "very strong work" Brush Isaac Levitan's By the Pool, wrote that the canvas, which depicts directly from nature "ruined mill in a wooded area", "at a certain distance <...> positively captivates the viewer with its truthfulness". In the newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti (№ 105, April 17, 1892), the historian and publicist Vladimir Gringmut noted that the painting By the Pool was technically better than other works by Levitan presented at the exhibition, because "the trunks and water are very natural, but the greenery in the background is not painted, but painted on". In an article published in the newspaper Novosti Dnya (No. 3187, May 8, 1892), the writer and critic Nikolai Alexandrov wrote that the painting By the Pool is a "purely professorial work" — in his opinion, "it is broad, freely written; it is full of harmony in the tones; but it does not touch the viewer; it, like a sketch, gives only a hint of the motif, but does not act on our souls in an exciting and irresistible way, as nature itself acts and as necessarily artistic creativity must act".
Pavel Tretyakov bought the painting from the author for three thousand rubles in 1892, directly after the exhibition. Soon after, he asked the artist to work on the image of water in the foreground — perhaps one of the reasons was Repin's not entirely favorable review. In a letter to Tretyakov dated May 13, 1892, Levitan wrote "Your request and my own consciousness to correct the water in my By the Pool, do not think that I have forgotten it. I did not dare to rewrite it until I had checked this motif with nature. Now I will write some water motifs and at the end of May I will come to Moscow and begin to rework the picture".Государственная Третьяковская галерея — каталог собрания / Я. В. Брук, Л. И. Иовлева. — М.: Красная площадь, 2001. — V. 4: Живопись второй половины XIX века, book 1, А—М. — P. 359. —
The art historian Alexei Fedorov-Davydov suggested that it was during this revision of the painting that Levitan dated it to 1892, since the version presented at the traveling exhibition in February was most likely completed in late 1891. Moreover, the presence of sketches depicting water, which Levitan used to finalize the canvas, led to controversy about the actual location of the place depicted in the painting.