The Jesuit College in Minsk (, , ) was a Jesuit monastery complex in Minsk. It included a church, a monastery building, a school (operated by the Jesuits from 1656 to 1773), and later consistorial premises. The Jesuit school in Minsk provided education in the humanities.
The Jesuits arrived in Minsk in 1654 and were allocated a manor house at the corner of Kojdanowska Street and High Market Street. Over time, the monastery estate was expanded and enlarged until the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773, encompassing almost the entire quarter in the southeast part of . The Jesuit college complex was built on the site of wooden buildings between 1733 and 1739. Most of the complex was destroyed during the city's reconstruction after the World War II. However, the Jesuit church has survived to the present day, serving as the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Minsk–Mohilev, along with part of one of the buildings, which, after modernization, houses a music high school.
Location
The monastery complex was located in the southeast part of the Minsk district known as High Market. It was situated within a block bordered to the northeast by High Market (currently Swabody Square), to the southeast by Zborowa Street (currently Internacjonalna Street), to the southwest by Felicjan Street (currently Komsomolska Street), and to the northwest by Kojdanowska Street (currently Rewolucyjna Street). The Jesuit church, serving as the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Minsk–Mohilev, has been located at 9 Swabody Square since 1993. One of the buildings of the former Jesuit college (7 Swabody Square) now houses the Republican Gymnasium-College at the Belarusian State Academy of Music. The palace of Heger, gifted to the Jesuits in 1656, was situated on Kojdanowska Street (currently 1 Rewolucyjna Street).
History According to the Jesuit historian, Franciszek Rzepnicki, the Jesuits arrived in Minsk in the first half of the 17th century. Duke Paweł Sanguszko brought the monks to the city in 1631, endowing them with a church and college. Other sources indicate the year 1654 when Prince , the Bishop of Smolensk, granted the Minsk Jesuits a permanent fund. They acquired a brick mansion from Jegor Heger at the corner of Kojdanowska Street and High Martek, which the monks designated as their headquarters. In the early period of their activities in Minsk, their community had the status of a mission dependent on the Jesuit college in Nyasvizh. In 1686, the Jesuits obtained the status of residents, and in 1714, they were granted a college, which marked the high level of education they provided.
The residential buildings were systematically modernized until the end of the 18th century. Thanks to donations from the Ogiński and Brzostowski families, the Jesuits built a wooden school and a church. The educational institution changed its location during the century of Jesuit activity in Minsk. By 1699, a wooden school was replaced with a brick one. On 24 April 1700, the cornerstone of a new brick church was solemnly dedicated. On 16 April 1710, Bishop Konstanty Kazimierz Brzostowski of Vilnius dedicated the church under the invocation of Jesus, Virgin Mary, and Saint Barbara. In 1716, the old church was adapted for use as a school. In 1723, the then rector Jakub Wołodkowicz initiated the construction of a brick building, which was built intermittently between 1733 and 1739 and then in 1748.
In 1723, the reconstruction of the Heger house began, and a two-story building was erected near the northwest corner of the brick church, housing professors' and masters' rooms. Later, a three-story wing was added parallel to Kojdanowska Street, which included the kitchen and refectory, among other facilities. The final appearance of the complex was formed between 1733 and 1738, and in 1739, the construction of the clock tower was completed. It stood in the middle of the facade facing High Market. In 1749, next to the church, a pharmacy building was erected, along with agricultural and ancillary buildings. In 1746, a three-story building was built on Kojdanowska Street, housing a kitchen, 6 rooms, and an ornate refectory. During this time, rhetoric, poetry, syntax, grammar, theology, Hebrew language, ethics, mathematics, physics, logic, and metaphysics were taught at the Jesuit college. There was also a school theater and the best library in the city. In 1770, the school building was renovated. In 1773, a papal bull abolished the Jesuit order. The church received the status of a parish church. A six-year secular district school was established based on the college, under the Commission of National Education.
After the Second Partition in 1792, Minsk became part of the Russian Empire. In 1793, the school building was occupied by the governor's residence. After 1798, when the Roman Catholic Diocese of Minsk was established, a three-story building was erected within the college premises, at the height of the cathedral apse, for the needs of the consistory. Until 1820, the offices were housed in the college, then the city council, and from 1852, the treasury. The college tower became a fire observation tower.
During the period of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, state offices were located in the Jesuit buildings. Both the tower in front of the college and the monastery building itself were burned during World War II and finally demolished in the 1950s. In 1951, the cathedral was converted into a sports complex for the Spartak society: the church towers were dismantled, a new facade was added to the cathedral in the style of Stalinist classicism, the figurative attic above the apse was destroyed, as well as the domes above the side chapels; the interior of the church was divided into several floors by ceilings. The former Jesuit school building (later the governor's residence) was rebuilt and modernized into a four-story building in 1968 and designated as a music school. On 15 December 1993, the Jesuit church was returned to the faithful. Its exterior appearance was restored to its original shape.
Endowment Composition of the Jesuit collegeSuperiors of the orderŁukasz Załuski1656– 1657Paweł Idzikowski1657– 1662Andrzej Zieniewicz1668– 1672Mikołaj Ziernicki1672– 1674Jan Portanti1674– 1677Piotr Łukaszewicz1677– 1681Krzysztof Krzyżewicz11681– 1683Jan Łukaszewicz11683– 1685Aleksander Frezer1683– 1988Jan Bielski1688– 1691Wojciech Dzieniszewski1691– 1694Michał Bronisz1694–1697Cyprian Kunowski1697–1701Kazimierz Gnatowski1701–1704Antoni Brzostowski1704–1714Rectors of the collegeAntoni Brzostowski1714–1717Jakub Wołodkiewicz1717–1724Jan Nowosielski1724–1727Kazimierz Frąckiewicz1727–27 III 1728Józef Rudomina1728–3 III 1729Antoni Chądzyński1729–1732Ludwik Sokulski1732–1735Teodat Ramułt1735–20 IV 1736Michał Bartoszewski1736–1737Antoni Woyniłowicz1737–1740Jan Zrzelski1740–1741Jan Wołodkowicz1741–1748Antoni Chądzyński1748–1749Franciszek Ogiński1749–1752Kazimierz Juraha1753–17 IV 1757Romuald Woyniłowicz1758–1763Antoni Borkowski1763–1766Adam Abramowicz1766–1770Aleksander Szukiewicz1770–19 IV 1771Franciszek Lubowicki1771–1773 In 1656, Hieronim Sanguszko granted the Jesuits an endowment of 80,000 Polish złoty, the Krupka estate (later the fund was transferred to the Rakaw estate), and purchased a tenement house from a Minsk citizen named Heger for the price of 5,000 złoty. After the founder's death, his heirs reduced the endowment to 7,000 złoty and left the tenement to the Jesuits, so in the second half of the 17th century, due to lack of financial resources, only two monks operated in Minsk. For twenty-six years, they subsisted on alms. In 1682, the voivode of Troki, Cyprian Brzostowski, with his wife Rachel from the Dunin-Rajecki family, bequeathed 50,000 złoty to the Minsk Jesuits on the Niżyce estate. A year later, Marcjan Ogiński, the Lithuanian chancellor, with his wife Izabela from the Hlebowicz family, increased the fund by another 50,000 złoty on the dowry estates of Ogińska – Hliwina and Upierowicze. Later, they transferred these estates to the monks as their property. With the money from the endowment, the Jesuits erected a monastery building, where they opened a school. The endowment granted to the Jesuits was confirmed by a resolution of the Sejm in 1683. After Ogiński's death, the monks became embroiled in a legal battle with the founders' heirs, who demanded the return of the granted estates. It was only the curse cast on the heirs by Bishop Konstanty Kazimierz Brzostowski of Vilnius that caused the heirs to withdraw their claims.
In 1700, the Jesuits began the construction of the church. In 1701, the Jesuit Antoni Brzostowski, brother of Konstanty Brzostowski, bequeathed 14,000 złoty for this purpose. Jan Filipowicz, a canon of Smolensk, allocated 2,000 złoty, and Jerzy Furs donated the village of Wiśnianka. In 1705, during the Lithuanian Tribunal held in Minsk, the nobility raised 50,000 złoty. Cieklewicz and Juniewicz contributed 1,000 złoty for the completion of the church. Jakub Wołodkowicz funded a chapel for the youth, and Franciszek Wołodkowicz covered the cost of building the altar of St. Stanislaus Kostka. The Smolensk canon Mikołaj Przeradowski donated 500 ducats for the construction of the altar of St. Ignatius of Loyola and pipe organs, and also gave the monks a wooden sculpture of the Virgin Mary. The Minsk magistrate Adam Swołyński funded the altar of St. John the Baptist. Bishop Konstanty Brzostowski of Vilnius donated a miraculous image of the Virgin Mary along with two golden and pearl robes, as well as several vestments, and images of saints Anthony of Padua, Teresa of Ávila, and Francis of Assisi, along with 200 books for the monastery library. In 1713, the Minsk voivode Krzysztof Zawisza funded a chapel in the church, to which he donated the body of St. Felician of Rome. In 1730, reconciled through the efforts of the monks, the Zawisz, Bykowski, and Wołodkowicz families donated a silver covering for the coffin with the body of St. Felician and a silver lamp to the Jesuit church, as well as funds for raising the church towers, plastering and whitewashing the temple, as well as bells and a clock. In 1732, the Furs family bequeathed the Jesuits a farmstead beyond Tatarska Street, covering an area of 5 voloks (approximately 83.98 hectares), called Ludimont by the monks, i.e., a place of entertainment, and designated for the recreation of young people.
The annual income of the monks was 2,000 złoty in 1685, 5,000 złoty in 1705, and 4,000 złoty in 1749. Before the dissolution of the order in 1773, the Minsk Jesuits owned 54 estates in the villages of Hać, Hliwin, Upierowicze, Pruszkowicze, Ślepianka, and Usa. In addition, income was generated from forest and arable land covering approximately 500 voloks (approximately 8,398.08 hectares). The total income from the estates amounted to 72,000 złoty annually.
Architecture The architectural layout of the Jesuit college was characteristic of the flourishing Minsk Baroque style during the period from the mid-17th to the early 18th century. Elements of the complex associated with monastic life had a simple, austere shape, contrasting with the lofty facade of the church.