A slave market was a place where slaves were bought and sold. These markets were a key phenomenon in the history of slavery.
Asia
Central Asia
Since antiquity, cities along the Silk road of Central Asia, had been centers of slave trade. In the early middle ages, Central Asia was a transit area for European slaves sold by the Vikings in Russia to slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate via the slave markets of the Central Asia. The slave trade in the Mongol Empire created a network of connected slave markets between Asia and Europe. The Mongol Empire established a massive international slave trade founded upon war captives enslaved during the Mongol conquests, which were distributed by market demand around the empire via a network of slave markets connected through the cities of the empire.
In the 19th century, the slave markets of Khiva and Bukhara were still among the biggest slave markets in the world.Mayers, K. (2016). The First English Explorer: The Life of Anthony Jenkinson (1529-1611) and His Adventures on the Route to the Orient. Storbritannien: Matador. p. 121 In Bukhara, Samarkand, Karakul, Karshi, and Charju, mainly Indians, Persians, Russians, and some Kalmyk slaves, were traded by Turkmens, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz. From the 17th to 19th centuries, Khiva was a notorious slave market for captured Persian and Russian slaves. The slave markets of central Asia were eradicated with the Russian conquest of the Islamic states of Central Asia in the 1870s.
Africa
East Africa
In Somalia, the inhabiting Bantus are descended from Bantu groups that had settled in Southeast Africa after the initial expansion from Nigeria/Cameroon, and whose members were later captured and sold into the Arab slave trade.
It expanded significantly in late antiquity (1st century CE) with the rise of Byzantine and Sassanid trading enterprises. Muslim slave trading started in the 7th century, with the volume of trade fluctuating with the rise and fall of local powers. Beginning in the 16th century, slaves were traded to the Americas, including Caribbean colonies, as Northern, Western, and Southern European powers became involved in the slave trade. Trade declined with the abolition of slavery in the 19th century. From 1800 to 1890, between 25,000–50,000 Bantu slaves are thought to have been sold from the slave market of Zanzibar to the Somali coast. Most of the slaves were from the Majindo, Makua, Nyasa, Yao, Zalama, Zaramo and Zigua ethnic groups of Tanzania, Mozambique and Malawi. Collectively, these Bantu groups are known as Mushunguli, which is a term taken from Mzigula, the Zigua tribe's word for "people" (the word holds multiple implied meanings including "worker", "foreigner", and "slave").Refugee Reports, November 2002, Volume 23, Number 8Gwyn Campbell, The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia, 1 edition, (Routledge: 2003), p.ix Bantu adult and children slaves (referred to collectively as jareer by their Somali mastersCatherine Lowe Besteman, Unraveling Somalia: Race, Class, and the Legacy of Slavery, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1999), pp. 83-84) were purchased in the slave market exclusively to do undesirable work on plantation grounds.Catherine Lowe Besteman, Unraveling Somalia: Race, Class, and the Legacy of Slavery, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1999), pp. unknown.
Enslaved Africans were sold in the towns of the Arab world. In 1416, al-Maqrizi told how pilgrims coming from Takrur (near the Senegal River) had brought 1,700 slaves with them to Mecca. In North Africa, the main slave markets were in Morocco, Algiers, Tripoli and Cairo. Sales were held in public places or in souks.
Potential buyers made a careful examination of the "merchandise": they checked the state of health of a person who was often standing naked with wrists bound together. In Cairo, transactions involving eunuchs and concubines happened in private houses. Prices varied according to the slave's quality. Thomas Smee, the commander of the British research ship Ternate, visited such a market in Zanzibar in 1811 and gave a detailed description:
North Africa
The slave trade had existed in North Africa since antiquity, with a supply of sub-Saharan African slaves arriving through trans-Saharan trade routes. The towns on the North African coast were recorded in Roman times for their slave markets, and this trend continued into the medieval age. The Barbary slave trade on the Barbary Coast increased in influence in the 15th century, when the Ottoman Empire took over as rulers of the area. Coupled with this was an influx of Sephardi Jews and Moorish refugees, newly expelled from Spain after the Reconquista. The Barbary slave trade encompassed both African slavery and White slavery.
West Africa The Velekete Slave Market established in 1502 in Badagry, Lagos State, was significant during the Atlantic slave trade in Badagry as it served as a business point where African middlemen sold slaves to European slave merchants which made it one of the most populous slave markets in West Africa.
Europe and the Ottoman Empire
Southern Europe The maritime town of Lagos, Portugal, was the first slave market created in Portugal for the sale of imported African slaves, the Mercado de Escravos, which opened in 1444.Goodman, Joan E. (2001). A Long and Uncertain Journey: The 27,000 Mile Voyage of Vasco Da Gama. Mikaya Press, .de Oliveira Marques, António Henrique R. (1972). History of Portugal. Columbia University Press, , pp. 158–60, 362–70. In 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal from northern Mauritania. Prince Henry the Navigator, major sponsor of the Portuguese African expeditions, as of any other merchandise, taxed one fifth of the selling price of the slaves imported to Portugal. In 1550, there were around 50,000 black African slaves in Lisbon. By 1552, African slaves made up 10% of the population of Lisbon.Thomas Foster Earle, K. J. P. Lowe "Black Africans in Renaissance Europe" p. 157 GoogleDavid Northrup, "Africa's Discovery of Europe" p. 8 (Google) In the second half of the 16th century, the Crown gave up the monopoly on slave trade and the focus of European trade in African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to tropical colonies in the Americas—in the case of Portugal, especially Brazil. In the 15th century, one third of the slaves were resold to the African market in exchange of gold.Klein, Herbert. The Atlantic Slave Trade (1970).
Northern and Eastern Europe
The Vikings trafficked European slaves, captured in Viking raids in Europe, to the East in two destinations from present-day Russia via the Volga trade route. One route led to slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East via the Caspian Sea, the Samanid slave trade, and Iran; the other, to the Byzantine Empire and the Mediterranean via Dnieper and the Black Sea slave trade.
People taken captive in Viking raids in Europe could be brought to Scandinavia or sold into Moorish Spain via the Dublin slave trade. Captives from Viking raids in Eastern Europe could be transported to Hedeby or Brännö and, from there by the Volga trade route, to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Byzantine and Muslim merchants in exchange for Arabic silver dirham and silk, which have been found in Birka, Wollin, and DublinThe New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 91 Initially, this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed through the Khazar Kaghanate,The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium. (2007). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 232 but from the early tenth century it went through Volga Bulgaria and thence by caravan to Khwarazm, to the Samanid slave market in Central Asia, and finally by way of Iran to the Abbasid Caliphate.The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. p. 504
Prague was the center of the Prague slave trade, in which pagan Eastern Europeans were trafficked from Eastern Europe to Prague, where they were purchased by slave traders who sold them into slavery in al-Andalus, territory ruled by Moslems on the Iberian Peninsula. Among other European slave markets, Genoa and Venice (centers of the Genoese slave trade and the Venetian) were well-known, their importance and demand growing after the great plague of the 14th century had decimated much of the native European work force.Bales, Kevin. Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader
Ottoman Empire
In the Ottoman Empire during the mid-14th century, slaves were traded in special marketplaces called "Esir" or "Yesir" that were located in most towns and cities. It is said that Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" established the first Ottoman slave market in Constantinople in the 1460s, probably where the former Byzantine slave market had stood. According to Nicolas de Nicolay, there were slaves of all ages and both sexes, they were displayed naked to be thoroughly checked by possible buyers.
In the early 18th century, the Crimean Khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East, exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Poland-Lithuania over the period 1500–1700.Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by Caffa (modern Feodosia) became one of the best-known and significant trading ports and slave markets.
The last slave market in Europe was in Constantinople, the Ottoman capital. It was a destination for slaves trafficked from Europe via the Crimean slave trade and the Circassian slave trade, and from Africa via the Trans-Saharan slave trade, the Red Sea slave trade, and the Indian Ocean slave trade. The slave market was divided in different sections for male and female slaves. In the market bazaar for female slaves, the Avret Pazari, slave girls were exposed naked on the auction block and tied in position for presumptive buyers to inspect. The huge slave market in the Ottoman capital was closed by the Disestablishment of the Istanbul Slave Market edict in 1847. This edict did not ban the sale of slaves, but moved it indoors, thereby making it less visible.
North America The United States
In the history of slavery in the United States, the domestic slave trade had become a major economic activity by 1815, and lasted until the 1860s.Marcyliena H. Morgan (2002). Language, Discourse and Power in African American Culture, p. 20. Cambridge University Press, 2002. Between 1830 and 1840, nearly 250,000 slaves were taken across state lines. In the 1850s, more than 193,000 were transported, and historians estimate nearly one million in total took part in the forced migration of this new Middle Passage. By 1860, the slave population in the United States had reached 4 million.
In the 1840s, almost 300,000 slaves were transported, with Alabama and Mississippi receiving 100,000 each. During each decade between 1810 and 1860, at least 100,000 slaves were moved from their state of origin. In the final decade before the Civil War, 250,000 were moved. Historian Ira Berlin wrote:
The internal slave trade became the largest enterprise in the South outside the plantation itself, and probably the most advanced in its employment of modern transportation, finance, and publicity. The slave trade industry developed its own unique language, with terms such as "prime hands, bucks, breeding wenches, and "fancy girls" coming into common use.Berlin, Generations of Captivity, pp. 166–69. The expansion of the interstate slave trade contributed to the "economic revival of once depressed seaboard states" as demand accelerated the value of slaves who were subject to sale.Kolchin, p. 98.