Monika Kehoe (September 11, 1909 – November 16, 2004) was a pioneering American educator, who focused on training teachers of English as a second language, as well as on women's studies, and aging in the LGBTQ community. Born in Dayton, Ohio, and raised as Catholic, she attended parochial schools in Fort Wayne, Indiana, received a bachelor's degree at Mary Manse College and went on to earn a doctorate at Ohio State University in 1935. She taught English literature and applied linguistics in the United States, Korea, Japan, Australia, Ethiopia, Canada, and Guam. One of the pioneers who turned learning English as a second language into an academic endeavor, she taught English to Korean and Japanese civil servants who worked with American and Allied administrators after World War II and during the Korean War. She also created the first curricula for instructors teaching English as a second language in Canada in the 1960s.
Kehoe began writing while serving as the adult education director at the Japanese internment camp at Gila River in Arizona. She was the first human resources guidance counselor for the United Nations. In 1974, Kehoe founded the women's studies courses at the University of Guam and in 1980 began some of the first investigations into the issues impacting aging lesbians and homosexuals. Although she recognized during her youth that she was attracted to women, Kehoe did not have words to describe her sexual orientation and did not come out until the late 1970s. She is remembered primarily for her pioneering LGBTQ studies. A scholarship bearing her name is given to queer students in need of financial assistance at Mills College in Oakland, California.
Early life, education, and family
Monica Gretchen Kehoe was born on September 11, 1909, in Dayton, Ohio, to Josephine Marie (née Martin) and Thomas J. Kehoe. Her father was from Canada and was of Irish heritage, while her mother was born in Indiana and was of French heritage. They spent some of her childhood in Ohio, but by around 1916 they family were living in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Her parents divorced after 1920 and thereafter Kehoe lived with her mother. She began studying music with the Sisters of Providence at St. Catherine's Academy, at Saint Patrick's Catholic Church in Fort Wayne. She studied piano from the age of seven, and two years later learned violin. From 1921, she took voice lesions and was known in her childhood as a promising musician. She attended the parochial grammar school at Saint Patrick's and in 1923 entered high school at St. Catherine's. She graduated from St. Augustine Academy in Fort Wayne, in 1927, and the following year Kehoe and her mother spent traveling in Europe.
In 1928, Kehoe entered Mary Manse College, a Catholic women's tertiary institution in Toledo, Ohio. While attending Mary Manse, she lived with an aunt, Mary Tompkins, and participated in the college's theater performances. She graduated in 1932 with a bachelor's degree in English and went on to study for her doctorate at Ohio State University. During her university days, Kehoe began to use the spelling Monika, and became active in swimming and tennis competitions. At one point she was the city diving champion of Toledo, and also ranked in various tennis matches. She became aware of her attraction to women, although she did not identify as a lesbian (or know of the concept) until later in life, and she chose an androgynous style of dress, preferring men's fashions. In 1934, Kehoe's mother remarried, but her second husband proved to be a bigamous fraudster, who had fourteen wives. He stole $17,000 () from Kehoe and her mother and although they sued for the return of their money, Kehoe later admitted she would not have been able to complete her education had she not received a scholarship. She completed her PhD in English language and literature, with a dissertation on the poet Francis Thompson, graduating in 1935. Wanting to continue her education, Kehoe applied for admittance to undertake a divinity degree in Toronto, Canada, but was rejected because she was a woman. The rejection impacted her dedication to Catholicism and turned her focus toward teaching.
Career Early teaching career (1935–1941) Kehoe began teaching at Mundelein College in Chicago in 1935, and while there began an affair with one of her students. The affair prompted her to seek employment at a secular school after one year. She was hired at Mills College in 1936, and moved to Oakland, California with her partner. Her partner worked as a secretary at the college and the first year they were at Mills, they lived in a dormitory. In 1937, Kehoe built a small cabin off campus for them to have more privacy. The couple lived in the cabin together for two years, although Kehoe spent part of that time studying in New York City. She returned to Mills College in 1939. When she tried to break off the relationship because of an involvement with another woman, her partner outed her to the administration. Historian Greg Robinson, who wrote a biography of Kehoe, stated she "was saved from immediate termination" by announcing her engagement to a man, but the engagement was a fabrication and the man was one of Kehoe's cousins. The following year, when her contract ended, Kehoe was hired to teach at Holy Names College in Windsor, Ontario. She remained in Canada until 1941, and returned to the United States after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
Adult education and TESL (1941–1970)
Kehoe worked in Detroit, Michigan as an adult education director for the United States Housing Authority. She taught older, mostly illiterate residents at the Sojourner Truth Project. While on the project, she met and became involved with a woman named Karon, who legally changed her surname to Kehoe. They lived together, posing as half-sisters. When black tenants moved into units in 1942, race riots broke out, causing the couple to ask to be transferred to another housing project. The request was granted and they moved to San Pedro, California to work at the Wilmington Houses Project. Kehoe taught adult literacy classes to migrant war workers and Karon organized recreation activities for youth in the project. That fall, they were recruited for the War Relocation Authority and were sent to work at the Japanese internment camp at Gila River in Arizona. Kehoe first served as a vocational and student relocation advisor, but by September 1943 she became director of adult education at the camp. She oversaw teaching courses for those learning English (TESL), as well as vocational training. At that time, TESL courses were just emerging as part of the academic field of applied linguistics and Kehoe, according to writer Laureen Sweeney, was a pioneer in the field. Kehoe recruited the wives of other staff members to help with teaching. The camp conditions and daily temperatures of around caused her to use her off-hours to seek new employment. During her time in the camp, she published articles about adult education in Common Ground, which pushed the official line of assimilation, but articles published by her after she left the camp in the Friends Intelligencer, a Quaker magazine, urged compassion, community acceptance, and resettlement assistance for those who had been imprisoned.
Kehoe was hired to lead and coordinate an experimental personnel program launched at Brooklyn College. The program was an orientation for parents and students to acquaint them with the policies, procedures, and goals of the school. Kehoe and Karon left the camp in February 1944 and drove cross-country to Brooklyn, where they rented an apartment together. When the couple broke up two years later, Kehoe signed up as an education specialist with the War Department. She was sent to South Korea in 1946, where she oversaw TESL training for Korean officials working for the United States Army Military Government in Korea and established education programs for Chinese and North Korean prisoners who were interned during the Korean War. She returned to the United States in 1948, and became the United Nations Personnel Bureau's first human relations staff counselor. Kehoe was arrested for publicly displaying affection to another woman in New York City in 1950, and fired from her post. She immediately was hired to work for the State Department, and sent to Tokyo, Japan to work with the Allied administration, as a language specialist for TESL courses. When she attended a tennis match with one of the staff secretaries, it was discovered that they had spent the night together in a hotel. Kehoe was dismissed and repatriated to the United States in 1951, but found work with the New York Department of Education in the adult education division, simultaneously teaching evening classes at Russell Sage College in Albany, New York. Her lectures and work for the New York Department of Education focused on human relations and developing student and worker confidence to enable them to be more productive. After three years, Kehoe resigned, and moved to Sydney, Australia to work in the adult education programs of the Colombo Plan for the Commonwealth Office of Education. She met the coordinator of the Colombo Plan's placement and training for foreign students, Margaret Gillett, while in Sydney, and the two women became friends.
When Kehoe decided to return to Russell Sage College in 1957, she invited Gillett to join her and helped her get a scholarship at the school to complete a master's degree. They sailed from Australia together, stopping in Jakarta, Singapore, Bangkok, Rangoon, Calcutta, Delhi, Karachi, Baghdad, Damascus, Beirut, Jerusalem, Istanbul, Athens, Rome, Madrid, and Lisbon. Kehoe taught for one term as a professor of psychology, and acting chair of the department. In 1959 and 1960, she worked as a book editor for Youth Education System Books, which published study guides for students preparing for high school, college board, or scholarship examinations. Gillett finished her PhD and began teaching at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1961. That year, Kehoe moved to Ethiopia to serve as the dean of women at Haile Selassie I University and invited Gillett to apply as a faculty member. When her first term ended at Dalhousie, Gillett flew to Addis Ababa to join Kehoe. In addition to her work as dean of women, Kehoe served as an advisor to the Ethiopian Ministry of Education on TESL. They returned to Canada together in 1964, moving to Montreal, where Kehoe became a professor of applied linguistics at Marianopolis College and Gillett a professor in the education department at McGill University. At Marianopolis, Kehoe set up the first undergraduate TESL training course in Canada. The course was designed to train instructors to teach English to students whose primary language was not English. In 1968, Kehoe and Gillett published a novel that they had been researching for eight years. The Laurel and the Poppy was about the 19th-century English poet Francis Thompson, who despite his laudanum addiction was ranked along with Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Alfred, Lord Tennyson as one of the great poets of his era. The book was published by Vanguard Press in the United States, and later by Copp Clark Publishers in Canada. It was selected as the best book of March 1968 by the Catholic Digest'''s book club.
Women's and gender studies (1971–1989)