The following is a list of websites, separated by country and sub-categorized by region or disinformation campaign, that have both been considered by journalists and researchers as distributing false news - or otherwise participating in disinformation - and have been designated by journalists and researchers as likely being linked to political actors.
List
Algeria The following websites are linked to an Algerian marketing/public relations firm, Ayam Agency. They are related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior, which was part of a campaign that Graphika described as "a multi-year cross-platform effort to advance the interests of Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune". NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesAll About Algeriaallaboutalgeria.comLa Gazette d'Algérielagazettedalgerie.com
Argentina NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesLa Derecha Diarioderechadiario.com.arA 2022 analysis by Graphika found that the site had spread climate change denialism and had a wide geographical distribution of content on Spanish-speaking communities on Twitter. Owned by Fernando Cerimedo, the digital communications chief of Javier Milei, who had also worked on the campaign of Jair Bolsonaro.
Austria NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesReport24report24.newsLinked to the Freedom Party of Austria. Spread anti-vaccine misinformation and falsely claimed that over 1,000 cities planned to enforce bans on meat to combat climate change. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found many advertisements that had been placed by Google, which were removed upon contact by ProPublica. Alongside Wochenblick, was accused by Correctiv of attempting to interfere in the 2021 German federal election.
Bosnia and Herzegovina NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesATVatvbl.rsAccused by the United States Department of the Treasury of being closely linked to Milorad Dodik. Spread Bosnian genocide denial, unproven cures for COVID-19 and false claims about NATO troop deployment in Ukraine. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found many advertisements that had been placed by Google, which were removed upon contact by ProPublica.
Brazil NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesCeticismo Políticoceticismopolitico.orgAssociated with MBL.Diário Nacionalodiarionacional.comImposter news portal site in Brazil that is associated with MBL.odiarionacional.orgJornal do PaísJornalivrejornalivre.comAssociated with MBL. Banned from Facebook in 2018 due to what Facebook stated to be coordinated inauthentic behavior, "sowing division and spreading misinformation". Accused of harassing journalists in Brazil who contradict their claims, as well as the electoral prosecutor José Carlos Bonilha. Contained a script used for cryptocurrency mining.jornalivre.org
Canada NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesLifeSiteNewslifesitenews.comFounded by the Canadian political lobbyist organization Campaign Life Coalition.
Central African Republic The following websites are related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. They are linked to a pseudonymous individual that is suspected of being sponsored by the government of Faustin-Archange Touadéra and/or advisors from Russia. NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesLe Potentiel d'Afriquelepotentieldafrique.netlafrique.infolafrique.infoAlternanceafricaine.orgAlternanceafricaine.orgong-lcdaf.orgong-lcdaf.orgpaixetstabilite.orgpaixetstabilite.orgafriqueengagee.comafriqueengagee.comafriqueactualite.infoafriqueactualite.infoLepanafricanisme.infoLepanafricanisme.infomiroirdafrique.infomiroirdafrique.infolemondeactualite.infolemondeactualite.infoleuropeafrique.infoleuropeafrique.infoloccident.infoloccident.infolavoixdafrique.infolavoixdafrique.infolanouvelleduconti-nent.infolanouvelleduconti-nent.infolemondeenvrai.netlemondeenvrai.netlereveilafricain.infolereveilafricain.info
Colombia NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesPluralidad Zpluralidadz.comA 2020 investigation by La Silla Vacía found that this website was part of a media ecosystem whose editorial line served Gustavo Petro's political interests by presenting misleading news with the aim of turning public opinion against the political right and center. The Associated Press, ColombiaCheck, and Infobae have labeled news stories on Pluralidad Z as false, with ColombiaCheck warning that this website mass-disseminates disinformation.
Denmark NameDomainStatusNotesSources24NYT24nyt.dkFounded by Jeppe Juhl, a candidate for the New Right party. Banned from Facebook in 2019 due to what Facebook stated to be coordinated inauthentic behavior, reportedly likely referring to purchasing social media interactions (likes) on its Facebook page. Such practices are potentially illegal under the Danish Marketing Practices Act. Academics have accused the site of misleading framing, unsourced claims, and presenting opinion as news.
Ecuador NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesLa Vozlavoz.coRelated to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government.Latam Postlatampost.onlineRelated to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government. Published the same content as Semanario La Region. Missing domain registration name.Semanario la Regiónelsemanario.onlineRelated to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government. Published the same content as Latam Post. Missing domain registration name.
Egypt NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesAlyamania Newsalyamanianews.comSpreads "anti-Turkish content". Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Linked to one or more digital marketing firms based in Egypt: DotDev and/or NewWaves. Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019 and 2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior.freeiranrevolution.comfreeiranrevolution.comSpreads "anti-[Iranian]-regime content". Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Linked to one or more digital marketing firms based in Egypt: DotDev and/or NewWaves. Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019 and 2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior.Killed In Turkeykilledinturkey.comPosted the same content as Turkey Leaks. Copied its content from Biten Hayatlar, including the group's name and logo in its social media posts. Anonymously registered website whose construction appeared to be unfinished. Part of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns".Masr Timesmasrtimes.comPart of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns".Turkey Leaksturkeyleaks.comPosted the same content as Killed in Turkey. Part of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns".
France NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesContre-Infocontre-info.comSpread false claim that the French government approved euthanasia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Affiliated with the group French Renewal.coupsfrancs.comcoupsfrancs.comDescribed by Graphika as "a conspiracy-minded website". Part of an influence operation attributed to individuals in the French military that battled a Russian-influence operation for the Central African Republic. Both networks were taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.La Gauche m'a tuerlagauchematuer.frFounded by Mike Borowski, an associate of Christian Vanneste and a former activist for Union for a Popular Movement. Spread false information about immigration, Marlène Schiappa, Emmanuel Macron, the 2017 French presidential election, Kev Adams, the Notre-Dame fire, and other topics. Spread a satirical claim from Nordpresse as fact.
Germany NameDomainStatusNotesSourcesFreie Weltfreiewelt.netRun by the husband of Beatrix von Storch. Spread false claims about vaccines and a wheat shortage in Ukraine. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found advertisements that had been placed by Google.
Guinea NameDomainStatusNotesSources224Minutes224minutes.netLinked to the Rally of the Guinean People.
India
Indian Chronicles Indian Chronicles, dubbed by the EU Disinfo Lab, is an influence operation initiated by Srivastava Group starting in 2005 and enabled by Asian News International in order to promote Indian interests and disparage Pakistan and China. The operation created a network of at least 500 fake news websites and had targeted 116 countries. Srivastava Group had co-sponsored a trip of 27 Members of European Parliament to visit Kashmir and meet with Narendra Modi in 2019.