The art of erotic illustration in 18th century England was less developed than in France and the Italian states. However, some work of varying quality was produced in England, notably by Thomas Rowlandson.Ashbee 1877, pp. xvii–xix. The following is a list of erotic illustrations of scenes from popular novels, designed probably by George Morland, and engraved by his brother-in-law, William Ward, or by John Raphael Smith,Ashbee 1885, p. 83. which are described by Henry Spencer Ashbee ('Pisanus Fraxi') in Catena Librorum Tacendorum (1885), the third and final volume of his bibliography of curious and uncommon books.