Vice-Admiral Pierre Étienne René Marie Dumanoir Le Pelley (2 August 1770 – 7 July 1829) was a French Navy officer best known for commanding the vanguard of the French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar. His conduct during this battle was the subject of controversy.
Family Pierre Étienne René Marie Dumanoir Le Pelley was descended from a very old family of the Granville bourgeoisie, who had once earned a considerable fortune in maritime armaments and was ennobled by King Louis XVIII.
His fatherManche Departmental Archives Civil status registers (1770 - p.29). Louis Pierre Etienne Le Pelley (1733-1807), Sieur du Manoir, was a privateer captain, shipowner and bourgeois of Granville. Pierre Dumanoir Le Pelley is the 2nd cousin of Georges René Le Peley de Pléville (1726-1805).
His mother Jeanne Élisabeth Lucas de Lezeaux (1744-1819) is the daughter of Charles Marie, squire, Lord of Lezeaux, honorary lord of Saint Pair and Saint Aubin des Préaux in the parish of Saint-Pair-sur-Mer.
Youth and beginnings
Rapid advancement Pierre Dumanoir Le Pelley entered the navy at the age of seventeen in March 1787 as an and served in the Antilles until 1790. Appointed second lieutenant in port two years later in April 1789 he boarded the frigates Pomone and Néréide, cruising off Africa. He then embarked on the fluyt Dromadaire, bound for Cayenne, as an ensign.
Promoted to sub-lieutenant in 1790, he was appointed to the staff of Admiral Martin. He served on Sans-Culotte. He was not yet twenty-three years old when he was appointed Lieutenant de vaisseau in June 1793.
Two years later, in Floréal year III (May 1795), at less than twenty-five years of age, he obtained the rank of Capitaine de corvette and command of the Berwick in Richery's squadron, which took over a large convoy in the Mediterranean Sea and was then tasked with destroying English fishing establishments in Newfoundland.
A controversial advancement Some biographies suggest that his rapid progress could be explained by his cousin Georges-René Pléville Le Pelley.
The latter, his father's first cousin, forty-four years his senior, had certainly been called to the commission of the Navy to be one of the three administrators who prepared the law of 3 brumaire year III (24 October 1794). In 1795, the Directory already wanted him as Minister of the Navy, but he refused. Truguet was appointed and Pléville-Le-Pelley remained under requisition from him as head of division. The Directoire finally convinced him to accept and appointed him French Minister of the Navy and the Colonies on the 1st fructidor an V (18 August 1797). However, Pléville resigned as minister on 8 Floréal year VI (27 April 1798) because of a disagreement with Bonaparte over the Egyptian campaign and after having predicted the Aboukir disaster of 2 August 1798.
By the time his first cousin became minister, Dumanoir had already been a captain for two years. Like many of his counterparts, he benefited above all from the accelerated advances of the revolutionary navy, from which emigration had just taken a large number of officers.
French Directory
On 15 December 1796, a French fleet of 17 ships of the line, 14 frigates, 6 corvettes and avisos, 6 barges and 20 troopships carrying 21,000 soldiers under the command of General Lazare Hoche left Brest, France for Ireland. Dumanoir commanded, under the orders of Rear-Admiral François Joseph Bouvet, the ship Révolution. As soon as he left, the fleet became disorganised by the ruse of a British frigate which, in the darkness of the night of the 16th to the 17th, gave false signals to some of the French ships. Burning fires and cannon shots deceived 6 ships and 6 frigates, which continued on their way, instead of obeying the vice-admiral who ordered them to turn back.
When the day came, Justin Bonaventure Morard de Galles and Hoche, onboard the frigate Fraternité, found themselves alone and headed for Bantry Bay, designated for the planned rendezvous point. On the point of arriving there, they met the ship Revolution and the frigate Scévola sinking low in the water. Dumanoir took in part of the crew. The scattered fleet, without a leader, had headed, ship by ship, towards Bantry Bay, where the ships had waited for a few days, then, impatient, had left for the stampede. Hoche had to retreat. While the armies of the Republic won victories everywhere on the continent, the British navy triumphed on every sea. Dumanoir was not yet twenty-seven years old when the Directory appointed him head of division in Messidor An V (July 1797).
In the year VI (from 22 September 1797 to 21 September 1798), Dumanoir contributed to the preparations for the departure of the fleet for the French invasion of Egypt and Syria. On 19 May 1798, the fleet left Toulon under the command of Vice-Admiral Brueys d'Aigalliers. Rear Admiral Gantheaume was the major-general of the squadron. Three other Rear Admirals commanded the divisions of the fleet: Blanquet du Chayla led the vanguard; Villeneuve, the rearguard; Decrès, the light squadron. Dumanoir boarded the ship Dubois and was in charge of the direction of the convoy attached to the army. On 1 July 1798, the French army arrived in front of Alexandria without seeing a single enemy sail. The landings took place immediately, and the troops marched on Alexandria taken the next day. Bonaparte appointed Dumanoir commander of the port. Vice-Admiral Brueys anchored his fleet north-east of Alexandria as close as possible to the islet of Abukir, protected by a battery.
British Admiral Horatio Nelson arrived on 1 August 1798 in front of Abukir, where the tricolour flag was flying. Brueys believed so little on the return of the British that he had not sent any of his frigates to cross the sea to signal the appearance of the enemy. He was very surprised to see them arrive. Nothing was ready for a battle, the boats and part of the crews were ashore. The Battle of the Nile lasted two days, from 1 to 2 August 1798, and the ensuing disaster dealt a terrible blow to the esteem and power of the French navy. On 5 August of the following year, Napoleon, who had understood that he was needed in Paris and that he would be well received there, ordered Dumanoir and Rear Admiral Gantheaume - but without putting them in his confidence - to speed up supplies to the two old Venetian frigates, Muiron and Corrèze, already armed and equipped, and to give him notice of the movements of the British squadron.
On 21 August 1799, Bonaparte arrived in Alexandria. On the 22nd he boarded the Muiron commanded by Larue and on the 23rd he set sail. The Muiron carried General Bonaparte, Rear Admiral Gantheaume, Berthier, Andréossy, Monge, Berthollet, Denon, de Lavalette and de Bourienne. Dumanoir commanded the Corrèze which had taken Lannes, Murat, de Marmont and Parceval-Grandmaison on board. On 8 October 1799, Bonaparte disembarked at Fréjus.
French Consulate The coup of 18 Brumaire marked the end of the Directory and the French Revolution and the beginning of the Consulate. On this occasion, Dumanoir received a sword as a national reward for his participation, and a few months later, at the age of twenty-nine, he was raised to the rank of Counter admiral in 1799. During the year IX (September 1800 to September 1801), he commanded several divisions in Brest and then in Cádiz where he was in charge of details relating to armaments.
In the spring of 1801, 4 ships from Toulon's division were sent to Cádiz to join Rear Admiral Dumanoir's divisions. This small squadron was commanded by Charles Alexandre Léon Durand de Linois, the only sailor from the Consulate and the Empire who could boast of a victory and who had fought in all the wars of American Independence. On 3 July 1801, a short distance from Gibraltar, Linois sailed towards Cádiz and seized an English brig commanded by Lord Cochrane, who informed him that a strong enemy division was blocking the port he was heading for.
Admiral Sir James Saumarez was ordered to go immediately to the strait with a division of 6 ships, to oppose the passage of the French. Unwilling to take the risk of fighting an opponent much stronger than himself, Linois took up position under the ramparts of Algeciras; the first battle of Algeciras began on 6 July 1801. The battle, which began at 8:15 am, continued until 2 am with equal determination on both sides. Linois' victory did not receive the reward it deserved.
This victory was only the first episode of Rear Admiral Linois' expedition; his ships had suffered too much to think of continuing on to Cádiz. For his part, Admiral Saumarez, who had taken refuge in Gibraltar, was eager to repair the damage caused by such an unexpected defeat; with extraordinary speed, he repaired his ships and replaced the losses he had suffered with choice sailors. Linois was no less active in repairing his ships, but, less happy than his opponent, he was unable to procure sailors and his position became difficult. He wrote to Rear Admiral Dumanoir and Captain General Mazaredo to ask for help; it took a long time before he received an answer. Losing patience, Linois complained bitterly about their inaction.
This slowness produced the results Linois had predicted; the English fleet was ready for battle when the French left Algeciras on 12 July 1801, at two o'clock in the afternoon, to reach Cádiz. The second battle of Algeciras began and the struggle lasted a long, bitter, furious time. At half-past twelve the next day, the British squadron set sail; at two in the afternoon of the same day, the Formidable, with Linois on board, was the last French ship to enter the port of Cádiz, to the shouts of enthusiasm of the people who had watched the battle from the ramparts and the beach. After the battle, Dumanoir was reprimanded for failing to reinforce Linois.
As soon as the Peace of Amiens was signed on 25 March 1802, Bonaparte set about taking back the rich French colony of Santo Domingo, which had been in revolt against France for more than eight years. It was the Santo Domingo expedition of which Dumanoir was a member. On 11 December 1803, Rear Admiral Dumanoir was made a member of the Legion of Honour. While stranded in Toulon on the Formidable, on 24 Brumaire in the year XII (16 November 1803) he asked his first cousin Georges René Le Peley de Pléville, then a senator, who had intervened on 6 Frimaire in the year XII (28 November 1803) with de Lacépède, Grand Chancellor of the Order and also a senator.
First French Empire The French Empire was proclaimed on 18 May 1804 by the Constitution of the Year XII. Rear Admiral Dumanoir was promoted to Commander of the Legion of Honour on 14 June 1804. On the death of Admiral de Latouche-Tréville on 20 August 1804, he was aboard the Formidable and was provisionally in command of the Toulon squadron and hoped to retain command. However, the Emperor called Vice-Admiral de Villeneuve there. A letter from Napoleon dated 28 August 1804 gives the reasons for it:
In 1804, Napoleon ordered Villeneuve, now a Vice Admiral stationed at Toulon, to escape from the British blockade, overcome the British fleet in the English Channel, and allow the planned invasion of Britain to take place. To draw off the British defences, Villeneuve was to sail to the West Indies, where it was planned that he would combine with the Spanish fleet and the French fleet from Brest and attack British possessions in the Caribbean, before returning across the Atlantic to destroy the British Channel squadrons and escort the Armée d'Angleterre from their camp at Boulogne to victory in England.