Bibliography of the Greek genocide

This is a select bibliography of academic level English language books (including translations) and journal articles about the history of Greek genocide, published mainly after World War II, Many works below contain information about the Greek genocide in the context of the Armenian genocide.

The Greek Genocide was the mass killings and deportations of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire by Turkish forces. It resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Greeks, including the extermination of Pontian and Anatolian Greeks, the destruction of Smyrna, and widespread ethnic cleansing in Greek areas of Asia Minor.

The Greek and Armenian Genocides are considered part of the more extensive period of mass killings and ethnic cleansing of Christian populations in the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. Both genocides were carried out by the Ottoman government and Turkish nationalist forces and involved mass killings, forced deportations, and population transfers. The events have been recognized as a genocide by numerous countries but have not been officially recognized by the Turkish government.

Works listed here are cited in the notes or bibliographies of scholarly sources. Each is published by an academic or major press, written by a recognized expert, or substantially reviewed in scholarly journals; borderline cases are omitted. A selection of primary sources are included. Many of the books below carry their own bibliographies; see the Further reading section for other bibliographies, and the External links section for historical sites, academic sites, and museums.

Citations follow APA style. Book have citations to academic journal or mainstream published reviews when available. For books only partly about the subject, relevant chapter or section titles are provided when useful and available. Translators of the original-language edition are included when possible. In cases where a title or name has appeared with more than one English spelling, the most recent published form is used and a footnote documents any earlier title under which the work appeared.

Books Some works below contain annotations to academic journal reviews. Ahmad, F. (2014). The Young Turks and the Ottoman Nationalities: Armenians, Greeks, Albanians, Jews, and Arabs, 1908–1918. University of Utah Press. Akçam, T. (2015). The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Akçam, T., Kyriakidis, T., & Chatzikyriakidis, K. (Eds.). (2023). The Genocide of the Christian Populations in the Ottoman Empire and its Aftermath (1st edition). Routledge. Butt, A. I. (2017). The Ottoman Empire's Escalation from Reforms to the Armenian Genocide, 1908–1915. In Secession and Security: Explaining State Strategy against Separatists (pp. 125–162). Cornell University Press. Buttar, P. (2017). The Splintered Empires: The Eastern Front 1917–21. Osprey Publishing. Clark, B. (2006). Twice a stranger: The mass expulsions that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Harvard University Press. de Zayas, A. (2012). The Ottoman genocide of the Greeks and other Christian minorities in light of the Genocide Convention. In T. Hofmann, M. Bjørnlund, & V. Meichanetsidis (Eds.), The genocide of the Ottoman Greeks: Studies on the state-sponsored campaign of extermination of the Christians of Asia Minor (1912–1922) and its aftermath: History, law, memory. Aristide D. Caratzas. Dobkin, M. H. (1998). Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of a City. New York, NY: Newmark Press. Doumanis, N. (2013). Before the nation: Muslim–Christian coexistence and its destruction in late-Ottoman Anatolia. Oxford University Press. Erol, E. (2016). The Ottoman crisis in Western Anatolia: Turkey's Belle Époque and the transition to a modern nation state. I.B. Tauris. Fotiadis, C. (Ed.). (2004). The Genocide of the Pontus Greeks. Herodotus. Fromkin, D. (2009). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East (20th Anniversary edition). Holt. Gaunt, D. (2006). Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Gorgias Press. Gingeras, R. (2009). Sorrowful shores: Violence, ethnicity, and the end of the Ottoman Empire, 1912–1923. Oxford University Press. Gingeras, R. (2016). Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908–1922 (Illustrated edition). Oxford University Press. Halo, T. (2017). The genocide of the Ottoman Greeks, 1913–23: Myths and facts. In G. N. Shirinian (Ed.), Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923 (1st ed., pp. 300–322). Berghahn Books. Hinton, A. L., La Pointe, T., & Irvin-Erickson, D. (2013). Hidden Genocides: Power, Knowledge, Memory. Rutgers University Press. Hirschon, R. (1998). Heirs of the Greek catastrophe: The social life of Asia Minor refugees in Piraeus (2nd ed.). Berghahn Books. Hirschon, R. (Ed.). (2003). Crossing the Aegean: An appraisal of the 1923 compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey. Berghahn Books. Hofmann, T., Bjørnlund, M., & Meichanetsidis, V. (Eds.). (2012). The Genocide of the Ottoman Greeks. Aristide D. Caratzas. Iğsız, A. (2018). Humanism in ruins: Entangled legacies of the Greek–Turkish population exchange. Stanford University Press. Ihrig, S. (2014). Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination. Belknap Press. Jones, A. (2023). The Ottoman destruction of Christian minorities. In Genocide: A comprehensive introduction (4th ed.). Routledge. Kieser, H. L. (2018). Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide (Illustrated edition). Princeton University Press. Kieser, H. L., Anderson, M. L., Bayraktar, S., & Schmutz, T. (Eds.). (2019). The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I.B. Tauris. Kontogeorge-Kostos, S. (2010). Before the Silence: Archival News Reports of the Christian Holocaust that Begs to be Remembered. Gorgias Press. Kontogiorgi, E. (2006). Population exchange in Greek Macedonia: The rural settlement of refugees 1922–1930. Oxford University Press. Lewis, B. (1961). The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Oxford University Press. Llewellyn Smith, M. (1973). Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922. London: Allen Lane. Mann, M. (2005). The dark side of democracy: Explaining ethnic cleansing. Cambridge University Press. Matossian, B. D. (2022). The Horrors of Adana: Revolution and Violence in the Early Twentieth Century. Stanford University Press. Midlarsky, M. I. (2005). The Killing Trap. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Milton, G. (2009). Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922. The Destruction of Islam's City of Tolerance. Sceptre. Morack, E. (2017). The dowry of the state? The politics of abandoned property and the population exchange in Turkey, 1921–1945. University of Bamberg Press. Morris, B., & Ze'evi, D. (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Harvard University Press. Özsu, U. (2015). Formalizing displacement: International law and population transfers. Oxford University Press. Payk, M. M., & Pergher, R. (Eds.). (2019). Beyond Versailles: Sovereignty, Legitimacy, and the Formation of New Polities after the Great War. Indiana University Press. Pentzopoulos, D. (2002). The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact upon Greece. Hurst. Psomiades, H. J. (1968). The Eastern question: The last phase — A study in Greek–Turkish diplomacy. Institute for Balkan Studies. Rogan, E. (2015). The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East. Basic Books. Rummel, R. J. (1997). Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. Sartiaux, F. (2008). Phocaea 1913–1920. The account of Félix Sartiaux. Rizario Idrima. Schaller, D. J., & Zimmerer, J. (Eds.). (2009). Late Ottoman Genocides: The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies (1st edition). Routledge. Shaw, S. J., & Shaw, E. K. (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shenk, R. (Ed.). (2012). America's Black Sea Fleet. Naval Institute Press. Shirinian, G. N. (Ed.). (2012). The Asia Minor Catastrophe and the Ottoman Greek Genocide. Asia Minor and Pontos Hellenic Research Center. Shirinian, G. N. (Ed.). (2017). Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923. Berghahn Books. Shirinian, G. N. (Ed.). (2019). The Greek Genocide 1913–1923: New Perspectives. The Asia Minor and Pontos Hellenic Research Center. Sjöberg, E. (2016). The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe. Berghahn Books. Solomonidis, V. (2010). Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922. C. Hurst and Co. Publishers. Stavridis, S. T. (2008). The Greek–Turkish War 1919–23: An Australian press perspective. Gorgias Press. Suny, R. G., Göçek, F. M., & Naimark, N. M. (Eds.). (2011). A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. Travis, H. (2014). Constructing the "Armenian genocide": How scholars unremembered the Assyrian and Greek genocides in the Ottoman Empire. In A. L. Hinton, T. La Pointe, & D. Irvin-Erickson (Eds.), Hidden genocides: Power, knowledge, memory (pp. 170–192). Rutgers University Press. Travis, H. (2010). Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq and Sudan. Carolina Academic Press. Tsirkinidis, H. (1999). At Last We Uprooted Them: The Genocide of Greeks of Pontos, Thrace, and Asia Minor, through the French Archives. Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis Bros. Tsoukalas, C. (1969). The Greek Tragedy. New York: Penguin. Tusan, M. (2012). Smyrna's Ashes: Humanitarianism, Genocide and the Birth of the Middle East. University of California Press. Üngör, U. Ü. (2012). The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950. Oxford University Press. Ureneck, L. (2015). The Great Fire: One American's mission to rescue victims of the Twentieth century's first Genocide. Ecco. Vardanyan, G. (2017). The Greek genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Parallels with the Armenian genocide. In G. N. Shirinian (Ed.), Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923 (1st ed., pp. 274–299). Berghahn Books. Watenpaugh, K. D. (2015). Bread from stones: The Middle East and the making of modern humanitarianism. University of California Press. Yeghiayan, V. (2007). British reports on Ethnic Cleansing in Anatolia 1919–1922: The Armenian-Greek Section. Center for Armenian Remembrance. Yıldırım, O. (2006). Diplomacy and displacement: Reconsidering the Turco-Greek exchange of populations, 1922–1934. Routledge. Zürcher, E. J. (2010). The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey. I.B.Tauris.

Journal articles Aktar, A. (2007). Debating the Armenian Massacres in the Last Ottoman Parliament, November – December 1918. History Workshop Journal, 64, 240–270. Arango, T. (2015, April 16). A Century After Armenian Genocide, Turkey's Denial Only Deepens. The New York Times. Bjørnlund, M. (2008). The 1914 cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a case of violent Turkification. Journal of Genocide Research, 10(1), 41–58. Dadrian, V. N. (1994). The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal. Journal of Political & Military Sociology, 22(1), 97–131. Dölek-Sever, D. (2017). Policing the "suspects": Ottoman Greeks and Armenians in Istanbul, 1914–18. Middle Eastern Studies, 53(4), 533–550. Georgelin, H. (2008). Perception of the other's fate: What Greek Orthodox refugees from the Ottoman Empire reported about the destruction of Ottoman Armenians. Journal of Genocide Research, 10(1), 59–76.