Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts refers to the armed engagements between the Portuguese Empire and the Sultanate of Gujarat, in India, that took place from 1508 until Gujarat was annexed by the Mughal Empire in 1573.
Context When Vasco da Gama made landfall in India in 1498, the Sultanate of Gujarat was one of the main commercial and maritime powers of India and the Indian Ocean. The region marketed various textiles, indigo, sugar and other commodities which were in high demand in Asia and Europe. The geography of central and southern Gujarat was particularly well suited for the production of valuable cash-crops like cotton and indigo.Ghulam A. Nadri: "The Dynamics of Port-Hinterland Relationships in Eighteenth-Century Gujarat" in Hinterlands and Commodities: Place, Space, Time and the Political Economic Development of Asia over the Long Eighteenth Century, BRILL, 2014, p. 87.
A large number of Gujarati merchants lived in east-Africa in Malindi but also in Mombasa which was hostile to the Portuguese. It was the influence of powerful Gujarati merchant elites that caused sultan Mahmud Shah of Malacca in the Malay peninsula to turn on the Portuguese when they reached that city in 1509. Malacca was the chief center of Gujarati trade overseas, 1000 merchants settled there in the fifteenth century and about 4000 to 5000 visited the city yearly to trade. They were compared to Venetians and Genoese for their skill in trade and navigation.K. S. Matthew: "Indo-Portuguese battles" in Kaushik Roy, Peter Lorge: Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 1870 Routledge, 2014, p. 167.
The Portuguese diplomat and apothecary Tomé Pires commented that:
Portugal sought to participate in the Indian Ocean trade and was first brought into conflict with Gujarat when the Gujarati governor of Diu Malik Ayyaz joined a Mamluk-Calicut-Venetian coalition to drive the Portuguese out of India in 1508.
Early engagements Battle of Chaul, 1508
The Battle of Chaul was a naval battle between a Portuguese fleet commanded by Dom Lourenço de Almeida and an Egyptian Mamluk fleet allied to a Gujarati fleet in 1508 in the harbour of Chaul in India. The battle ended in a Muslim victory. This was the first Portuguese defeat at sea in the Indian Ocean.Tide of Empires: 1481–1654 Peter Padfield p.62ff
Battle of Diu, 1509
After the Battle of Chaul in 1508, an allied Mamluk-Gujarati-Calicut force had assembled a fleet in Diu to drive the Portuguese out of India. They were confronted by a Portuguese fleet under the command of the viceroy of India Dom Francisco de Almeida.
Portuguese victory was critical: the great Muslim alliance was soundly defeated, easing the Portuguese strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean to route trade down the Cape of Good Hope, circumventing the historical spice trade controlled by the Arabs and the Venetians through the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. After the battle, the Kingdom of Portugal rapidly captured several key ports in the Indian Ocean including Goa, Colombo, Malacca and Ormuz. Losses crippled the Mamluk Sultanate and the Gujarat Sultanate.
The Battle of Diu was a battle of annihilation similar to the Battle of Lepanto and the Battle of Trafalgar, and one of the most important in world naval history, for it marks the beginning of European dominance over Asian seas that would last until the Second World War.Saturnino Monteiro (2011), Portuguese Sea Battles Volume I – The First World Sea Power p. 273
Battles of Chaul and Dabul, 1517
In 1517, a Portuguese fleet of 7 oarships under the command of João de Monroi defeated a fleet of 15 Gujarati oarships from Diu near Chaul, contracted by the lord of Mahim to attack Portuguese shipping. Later that same year, Monroi defeated another fleet of 14 oarships near Dabul thanks to superior artillery.K. S. Matthew: "Indo-Portuguese battles" in Kaushik Roy, Peter Lorge: Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 1870, Routledge, 2014, p. 176.
Luso-Gujarati War, 1521-1534 Battle of Chaul 1521
When the Portuguese began construction of a fortress in Chaul with the consent of the Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar, the governor of Diu Malik Issack dispatched 40-50 oarships under the leadership of Aga Mohammed to prevent its construction. The Portuguese governor of India Diogo Lopes de Sequeira mobilized three galleons, a caravel and three galleys under the command of Dom Aleixo de Meneses and after a long-drawn combat of artillery in November 1521, Aga Mohammed retreated in disgrace.Roy, Lorge, 2014, pp. 176-177.
Gujarat campaign, 1529 In 1529, the governor of India Lopo Vaz de Sampaio assembled a fleet to take Diu, however after departing from Chaul the Portuguese anchored by a small island within the Bombay harbour due to contrary winds.J. Gerson Da Cunha: Origin of Bombay, Asian Educational Services, 1993, p. 74. The great captain Alixa or Ali Shah was to be found nearby with a fleet of 68 oarvessels but he promptly sailed away. Ali Shah was defeated within the Nagothana river by a detachment commanded by Heitor da Silveira. Ali Shah withdrew to a well defended fortress on land but Silveira landed with 500 men and laid waste to the surrounding region, thereafter returning with captured artillery.Da Cunha, 2004, p. 75.
Sampaio withdrew to Goa on March 20 but left Heitor da Silveira behind with a 22 oarships and 300 men. Silveira made repeated incursions into the island of Bombay and probably the other islands as well. Silveira and his men gave the island of Bombay the name Ilha da Boa Vida or "Island of Good Life". Ali Shah was to be found heavily fortified at Bassein with 3,500 men, however the fortification was stormed and the city of Bassein plundered and torched. Fearing for his safety and that of his city, the lord of Thana offered 2000 pardaos as tribute, which was accepted.Da Cunha 2004, p. 76.
Gujarat campaign, 1530 In 1530, a Portuguese naval squadron commanded by António da Silveira destroyed Surat and Rander, despite fierce resistance from its warlike Muslim population.Kuzhippalli Skaria Mathew: Portuguese and the Sultanate of Gujarat, 1500-1573 Mittal Publications, 1986, p. 132. Surat would later be rebuilt and take the place of its rival.M. S. Commissariat: Mandelslo's Travels in Western India: (1638 - 1639), Asian Educational Services, 1995, p. 7.
Gujarat campaign, 1531
In 1531, the Portuguese governor of India Nuno da Cunha assembled a large armada of up to 400 ships and 30,000 men to capture the island of Diu.
They engaged roughly 800 enemy soldiers at Siyâl Bet island and killed them all.Monteiro (1991), p.205 The Portuguese suffered 9Frederick Charles Denvers: The Portuguese in India, W.H. Allen & Company, 1894, p. 401. or 17 killed and 120 wounded. They then sailed for Diu, but the Muslim alliance defeated them and killed 14.Monteiro, 1991, p.209 The victory was partly the result of Ottoman firepower over the Portuguese deployed by Mustafa Bayram, an Ottoman expert.Guns for the sultan: military power and the weapons industry in the Ottoman Empire, Gábor Ágoston, page 194, 2005
Although Diu was successfully defended, victory was short-lived: Diu was blockaded and the Portuguese armada was diverted towards more exposed Gujarati cities.Denvers, 1894, p.403. Ghogha, Surat, Mangrol, Somnath, Bassein, Tarapur, Kelva, Mahim, Bulsar, Agashi, Patam, Pate, and many other settlements were assaulted and sacked, some never recovering from the attacks.Pearson, Michael Naylor (1976). Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century. University of California Press, pg. 76Denvers 1894, p.402-404Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 13, Government Central Press, 1882, p.451
Gujarat campaign, 1532 Governor Nuno da Cunha dispatched Diogo da Silveira to attack Gujarat, however Silveira found little to do upon arriving on account of the coastal regions having become heavily depopulated. The lord of Thana was asked to pay the tribute agreed the year before, however by the instigation of the lord of Diu Malik Tokan this was refused. Thana was then sacked. Silveira proceeded to Chaul on April 1532.Da Cunha, 2004, p. 86
Gujarat campaign 1533
The governor Nuno da Cunha intended to blockade Diu and cut it off from any supplies but as he calculated that Bassein might interfere with this plan, he set out against this city in late 1532 with 150 sail and 3,000 Portuguese soldiers plus 200 Kanarese auxiliaries. In January 1533 the Portuguese reached Bassein, which was strongly fortified and defended by 12,000 men. Cunha divided his men in three squadrons and attacked the city from three angles. The Gujaratis were discouraged at the first attack and withdrew to the fort, from which they were driven out, having lost 600 dead. The Portuguese captured 400 pieces of artillery with a large supply of ammunition and after having ravaged the surrounding countryside they razed the fort.Danvers, 1894, p. 404.
Manuel de Albuquerque was then sent to attack Daman. Albuquerque was successful and not only attacked Daman but burnt all the towns from Bassein to Tarapur and returned with considerable spoils and captured vessels after bringing Thana, Bandora, Mahim and Bombay under tribute.
Gujarat campaign, 1534
Two Portuguese fleets reached India in 1534, one consisting of 5 ships commanded by Martim Afonso de Sousa and another of 12 ships and 1200 soldiers commanded by Dom Pedro de Castelo Branco. Martim Afonso de Sousa was entrusted with 500 men on 40 ships and attacked Daman. Its commander destroyed the town and retreated into the fort, but it was taken soon after by the Portuguese, most of its defenders slain and the fort razed.Frederick Charles Danvers: The Portuguese in India A.D. 1481-1571, W.H. Allen & Company, limited, 1894, p. 405.In 1534, Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat signed a peace treaty with Governor Nuno da Cunha, granting the Portuguese the territory of Bassein, including Bombay. In 1535, the Portuguese were allowed to construct a fortress at Diu.
Luso-Gujarati War 1537-1539 The Sultan of Gujarat Bahadur Shah was under threat from the Mughal emperor Humayun and granted Diu to the Portuguese in exchange not just for assistance against the Mughals but also protection should his realm fall. The Portuguese seized the stronghold of Gogala (Bender-i Türk) near the city, and built the Diu Fort.
Once the threat from Humayun was removed, Bahadur tried to negotiate the withdrawal of the Portuguese but on 13 February 1537 he drowned during the negotiations in unclear circumstances, both sides blaming the other for the tragedy.The Cambridge history of the British Empire, Volume 2 by Arthur Percival Newton p.14
After the death of Bahadur, the Portuguese attempted to interfere deeply in the politics of Gujarat by installing a puppet sultan on its throne, Muhammad Zaman Mirza, who accepted a treaty dictated by the Portuguese and granted them large sums of money.Pearson, 1976, pp. 77-78. He was however, deposed shortly afterwards by the supporters of Mahmud III.
Siege of Diu, 1538
Bahadur Shah had appealed to the Ottomans to expel the Portuguese, which led to the 1538 expedition.An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire by Halil İnalcik p.324ff An army of the Sultanate of Gujarat under Khoja Zufar aided by an Ottoman fleet led by the Ottoman governor of Egypt Hadım Suleiman Pasha, attempted to capture Diu in 1538 but the Portuguese under the command of captain António da Silveira resisted the four months long siege.
Siege of Bassein, 1538