Parliamentary elections in Turkey

Parliamentary elections in Turkey determine the composition of the Grand National Assembly for the next five years. The members are elected for a five-year term through a proportional system in 87 multi-member constituencies with closed party lists or as independent candidates.

Participation Age of candidacy The age of candidacy was 30 in the newly established Republic of Turkey. The age of candidacy dropped from 30 to 25 through a constitutional amendment in 2006. Following the 2017 constitutional referendum, it was further lowered to 18.

Voting age According to the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire (1876), the voting age was 25. In the newly established Republic of Turkey, the voting age was reduced to 18 due to the decreasing population. The voting age was increased to 22 in 1934, decreased to 21 in 1987, and 18 in 1995.

Voter turnout The voter turnout for the average of 18 parliamentary election is 81.4%. Turkey has a high voter turnout rate compared to other democracies. The participation rate in Turkey is also higher than the participation rates in countries where compulsory voting is loosely applied. With the exception of 1960–1970, voter turnout rate in Turkey is above the world average from 1950 to the present in Turkey.

+ Voter turnout at parliamentary elections Electionyear Registeredvoters Totalvotes Turnout 1950 8,905,743 7,953,085 89.3 1954 10,262,063 9,095,617 88.6 1957 12,078,623 9,250,949 76.6 1961 12,925,395 10,522,716 81.4 1965 13,679,753 9,748,678 71.3 1969 14,788,552 9,516,035 64.3 1973 16,798,164 11,223,843 66.8 1977 21,207,303 15,358,210 72.4 1983 19,767,366 18,238,362 92.3 1987 26,376,926 24,603,541 93.3 1991 29,979,123 25,157,089 83.9 1995 34,155,981 29,101,469 85.2 1999 37,495,217 32,656,070 87.1 2002 41,407,027 32,768,161 79.1 2007 42,799,303 36,056,293 84.2 2011 52,806,322 43,914,948 83.2 2015 56,608,817 47,507,467 83.9 2015 56,949,009 48,537,695 85.2 2018 59,367,469 51,189,444 86.2 2023 64,145,504 55,835,895 87.0

Electoral system Electoral districts Turkey is split into 87 electoral districts, which elect a certain number of representatives to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Electoral district are allocated a certain number of MPs in proportion to their population. The Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey conducts population reviews of each district before an election and adjusts a district's number of seats according to the latest census.

+ Number of parliamentary constituencies by province and year Electionyear 20th century 21st century '20 '23 '27 '31 '35 '39 '43 '46 '50 '54 '57 '61 '65 '69 '73 '77 '83 '87 '91 '95 '99 '02 '07 '11 '15 '15 '18 '23 # Total 436 333 335 348 444 470 492 503 477 537 602 450 450 450 450 450 400 450 450 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 600 600 Province 1 Adana 7 3 4 4 8 11 10 10 11 13 16 12 13 13 13 14 12 14 14 17 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 2 Adıyaman 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 Afyonkarahisar 8 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 7 7 7 7 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 6 6 4 Ağrı 5 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 68 Aksaray 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 Amasya 7 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 Ankara 9 7 8 11 15 16 15 18 18 21 22 21 21 24 26 29 23 26 23 28 28 29 29 31 32 32 36 36 7 Antalya 6 4 5 5 8 8 8 7 7 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 10 12 13 13 14 14 14 16 17 75 Ardahan 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 Artvin 1 2 2 10 4 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 Aydın 7 6 5 6 7 8 9 8 5 8 10 8 8 7 7 7 6 7 6 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 8 8 10 Balikesir 6 8 10 10 12 12 13 14 12 14 15 11 11 10 9 9 7 8 7 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 74 Bartın 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 72 Batman 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 − Batum 5 69 Bayburt 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 − Biga 3 3 11 Bilecik 5 5 4 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 Bingöl 6 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 Bitlis 7 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 14 Bolu 8 5 6 6 10 8 8 8 7 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 15 Burdur 7 2 2 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 16 Bursa 7 6 9 9 12 12 12 13 11 13 14 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 12 14 16 16 16 18 18 18 20 20 17 Çanakkale 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 18 Çankırı 7 4 4 4 8 6 6 5 5 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 − Çatalca 1 19 Çorum 7 6 5 6 7 8 9 8 8 9 10 7 7 7 7 6 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 20 Denizli 6 5 6 6 8 9 10 8 7 9 9 7 7 7 6 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 7 21 Diyarbakır 7 7 6 4 8 8 6 7 7 8 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 10 11 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 81 Düzce 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 22 Edirne 5 3 4 4 4 6 5 5 5 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 23 Elazığ 7 6 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 − Ergani 11 3 24 Erzincan 5 3 3 3 4 7 5 7 5 5 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 25 Erzurum 10 7 7 7 12 9 6 11 10 12 13 9 9 9 9 8 7 7 7 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 26 Eskişehir 7 4 4 4 5 5 5 7 6 7 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 26 Gaziantep 6 5 6 5 10 7 8 7 7 8 10 7 7 7 8 8 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 12 14 14 − Gelibolu 1 1 28 Giresun 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 29 Gümüşhane 6 4 5 3 5 5 5 6 7 6 6 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 30 Hakkâri 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 31 Hatay 5 5 6 6 8 9 7 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 76 Iğdır 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 32 Isparta 6 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 − İçel 6 2 2 2 34 Istanbul 12 23 17 18 20 19 28 30 25 29 39 31 31 33 38 44 36 45 50 61 69 70 70 85 88 88 98 98 35 İzmir 8 11 12 12 14 15 17 15 16 20 22 17 17 18 18 19 16 19 19 24 24 24 24 26 26 26 28 28 46 Kahramanmaraş 8 5 5 4 6 5 5 6 7 7 9 6 6 6 7 7 6 7 7 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 78 Karabük 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 70 Karaman 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 36 Kars 3 2 6 5 8 10 8 10 10 10 12 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 37 Kastamonu 8 8 6 8 9 11 9 11 10 10 10 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 38 Kayseri 7 5 6 5 10 8 10 9 9 9 11 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 7 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 71 Kırıkkale 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 39 Kırklareli 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 40 Kırşehir 7 5 3 3 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 79 Kilis 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 41 Kocaeli 6 6 7 7 10 10 13 10 11 12 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 7 7 9 10 9 9 11 11 11 13 14 42 Konya 10 10 13 14 15 15 15 16 17 19 21 16 16 16 16 16 13 14 13 16 16 16 16 14 14 14 15 15 − Kozan 5 2 43 Kütahya 6 8 7 12 11 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 4 4 5 5 − Lazistan 6 44 Malatya 11 5 6 6 9 10 11 12 11 12 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 45 Manisa 9 10 10 11 12 13 12 12 12 12 14 11 11 11 10 10 8 9 9 11 10 10 10 10 9 9 10 10 47 Mardin 6 6 5 3 7 8 7 10 7 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 33 Mersin 7 2 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 8 9 7 7 7 7 8 7 9 9 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 13 13 48 Muğla 11 3 4 4 6 6 6 5 5 6 7 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 49 Muş 7 3 4 4 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 50 Nevşehir 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 51 Niğde 6 4 4 4 7 7 8 7 8 8 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 − Oltu 2 52 Ordu 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 8 9 10 8 8 8 8 7 6 7 6 8 7 7 7 6 5 5 6 6 80 Osmaniye 3 2 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 53 Rize 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 54 Sakarya 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 55 Samsun 6 3 6 7 9 9 11 10 10 12 14 11 11 11 10 10 8 9 9 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 56 Siirt 6 2 2 2 6 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 57 Sinop 6 4 3 4 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 58 Sivas 8 7 7 7 11 11 15 12 13 14 15 11 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 − Siverek 6 4 63 Şanlıurfa 5 6 5 6 7 7 6 7 7 8 9 7 7 6 7 7 5 7 8 9 11 11 11 12 12 12 14 14 − Şebinkarahisar 5 4 3 3 73 Şırnak 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 59 Tekirdağ 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 5 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 60 Tokat 7 4 5 6 8 9 8 10 9 9 10 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 7 6 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 61 Trabzon 11 7 8 9 9 11 11 12 12 12 12 9 9 9 8 8 6 7 6 8 7 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 62 Tunceli 6 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 64 Uşak 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 65 Van 7 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 77 Yalova 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 66 Yozgat 7 4 5 6 7 7 7 8 7 8 9 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 67 Zonguldak 4 7 6 10 10 11 9 10 10 12 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 # Total 436 333 335 348 444 470 492 503 477 537 602 450 450 450 450 450 400 450 450 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 600600

Seats allocation Parliamentary seats are allocated according to the d’Hondt method in a party-list proportional representation system. Political parties first need to pass an electoral threshold of 7%. Parties can by-pass this rule by forming an electoral alliance or participate as independents. The electoral threshold was introduced by the military regime after the 1980 coup d'état, in a bid to maintain political stability.

From 1946 onwards, all elections were direct elections. In the elections held between 1946 and 1957, a party block voting system was applied. Under this system, the party that obtained a plurality of votes in a constituency would get all the deputies in that constituency. The system resulted in a landslide victories. For example, the Democrat Party received 58% of the votes in the 1954 election, but won 93% of the seats in the parliament.

Proportional representation was used for the first time after the adoption of the Constitution of 1961. For the elections of 1961, a party-list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in 67 constituencies was used. In order to receive seats in a constituency, parties needed to receive more votes in that constituency that the Hare quota. It was also the first time that the number of deputies was fixed and determined as 450 seats.

In the 1965 election, the national remnant system was used. In the elections held in 1969, 1973 and 1977, the d'Hondt electoral system was applied without a threshold. A nationwide electoral threshold of 10% and a constituency electoral threshold was introduced following the changes to the law in 1983. In addition to that, a quota system was also used in the 1987 and 1991 elections. From 1995 onwards, only a nationwide electoral threshold is used.

Campaigning The Law on Basic Provisions regulates the campaign and aims to ensure fair and equitable opportunities for contestants. Turkish campaigns are typically energetic as contestants use a variety of traditional campaigning means such as rallies, campaign stands, posters, banners, party flags, canvassing and vehicles with loudspeakers. Languages other than Turkish as well as sign language are used in the campaigns. According to Turkish Law, it is forbidden to make election propaganda in a foreign country. This law can be circumvented to a certain degree by organizing "informative seminars" instead of "propaganda meetings".

Political parties that received at least three per cent of votes in the last parliamentary elections are entitled to annual public funding on a proportional basis, as well as campaign funding but only for parliamentary elections. Parties also receive funding through membership fees and individual donations. Donations from public legal entities, state and public organizations and foreign sources are not allowed. An individual may donate up to a certain amount annually to a party. There is no ceiling for annual party and campaign-related expenditure. Parties declare their campaign funds solely through annual financial reports. The Constitutional Court audits the reports. Independent candidates declare their campaign funds through personal tax declarations. Possible sanctions for breaches include warnings, imprisonment from three months to three years, monetary fines and dissolution of the party.

Summary of past elections The list below shows the election results of the multi-party period in Turkey since 1946.