Kists or Kistins is an old exonym of all Nakh peoples (Ingush, Chechens and Batsbi), under which local societies later were designated, and conditionally divided into nearby Kistins and distant Kistins.Chulkov, Zakharov, Kolpashnikov, Sablin, 1785Charles Wallencey, 1804, p. 13.Johann Christoph Adelung, 1806, p. 444.Statistics of 1859 on taipas and societies – Tallamash – Catalog of articles – OramashPauli Gustav-Fyodor Khristianovich. Ethnographic description of the peoples of Russia: [arch. September 27, 2020] = Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie. - St. Petersburg: Type. F. Bellizard, 1862. - T. IV. — 310 p. In Russian sources of the 19th century, the term nearby Kistins referred to the inhabitants of the Kistin Gorge in the vicinity of river Armkhi in Ingushetia, and distant Kistins referred to the inhabitants of the upper reaches of the Argun in Chechnya. Today the name is mostly used to refer to the Chechens who compactly live in the Pankisi Gorge of Georgia.Zhdanov Yu.A. Encyclopedia of cultures of the peoples of the South of Russia: Peoples of the South of Russia. - Rostov-on-Don: North Caucasian Scientific Center of Higher Education (SKNTS VSh), 2005. - V. 1. - P. 148.Elfimov V.O. Regional features of customary law (adat) of the Chechens of the XVXX centuries.Alexey Golovlev. Essays on Chechnya: nature, population, recent history. Vector-S, 2007 - p. 295

History

One of the earliest mentions of the Kists (Kistk, Kusti) dates back to the 5th century in the Geography of Moses Khorenatsi. Ancient and medieval sources localize the Kists, in addition to the gorge of the Armkhi river, known in Georgian sources as "Kistetis-Tskali" and "Kistinka" in Russian sources, also in the gorge of the Oakhkarakhi river - tributaries of the Terek river flowing through the historical lands of the Kistin society of Ingushetia.

In Russian sources of the 18th century, the ethnonym Kists is often extended to all Nakh peoples. In Western European literature of the 18th century, the name "Kistins" is primarily given to the Ingush. In 19th century Russian sources, the terms "nearby Kistins" and "distant Kistins" are found, referring to the inhabitants of the Armkhi river gorge and to the inhabitants of the upper reaches of the Argun river.

XVIII-XIX In the 1770's, J. Güldenstädt associates the term Kists with the Ingush people and the Chechens, dividing their lands into the following districts:Gildenstedt, Journey through the Caucasus Kachilik, Endre and Yakhsay; Achkingurt; Ardahl; Vapi; Angusht; Shalkha; Chechen; Atakhi; Kulga, or Dganti; Galgai; Dshanti; Chabrillo; Shabet County; Chishrikaker; Karabulak; Meesti; Meredzhi; Galashka; Duban.

In 1795, in the "Description the peoples inhabiting Russia", the Kists are mentioned as follows: Kistins, or Kisti, who are divided into different tracts of which it is known to exist: Chechens, Ingush and Karabulaks, they live along the Sunzha River, and in the middle mountains of the Caucasus.Narrative land survey. Part II // The latest narrative earth-le description of all four parts of the world, as well as a statistical description of the Russian Empire, at the end of the image of the governor's uniforms. - 1795, Ch. XII - S. 107.

The historian of the Caucasus S. Bronevsky described the borders of the Kist lands as follows:Bronevsky Semyon Mikhailovich. The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus. - M: Type. S. Selivanovsky, 1823. - T. 2. - S. 151. - 310 p.

Mainly based on data from J. Güldenstädt, S. Bronevsky reported that the Kists alternately called themselves "Kist", "Galga", and "Ingush", and used one name instead of the other,” indicating the prevalence of the term among the Ingush people.

Fyappiy

The historical area where the Kists lived was called "Kisteti", as well as "Kistia" or "Kistinia". The Georgian prince, historian and geographer of the 18th century Prince Vakhushti of Kartli quite definitely localizes it along the gorge of the Armkhi river (the historical "Kistinka"), that is, in mountainous Ingushetia. Kists, in a narrow sense, as one of the Ingush societies, are noted in the "Review of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840", and in 1851 in the “Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, published by the highest command at the 1st branch of the Department of the General headquarters". The Kist society, as part of Ingushetia, was part of the Vladikavkaz district, the Ossetian military district and the Ingush district.

They bordered in the west with the Dzherakhins, in the east with the Galgaevs, in the south with Georgia, in the north the borders reached the Tarskoye Valley. The Kist society was also synonymously called "Fyappinsky", after the name of its constituent ethno-territorial group - the Fyappins (), and later, in the second half of the 19th century, it became known as "Metskhalsky", after the name of the principal village Metskhal.

Hydronym Kistinka — river in the Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia Kistinka — river in the Kazbegi Municipality of the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region of Georgia

Notes

References

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