Juan de Tovar or Juan Fernández de Tovar, later known as Martín Fernández de Tovar (- 1500), was a Castilian nobleman, belonging to the House of Tovar, Lord of the villages of Cevico de la Torre and Caracena, and Chief-guard to King Henry IV of Castile.
After the monarch's death, he did not recognize the king's half-sister, Princess Isabella, as sovereign, thus joining the party of the Marquis of Vilhena, Juan Pacheco, and the Archbishop of Toledo, Alfonso Carrillo, in support of the king's alleged daughter, Joanna la Beltraneja, and her husband Afonso V, King of Portugal. For this reason, Tovar had the lordships of Cevico and Caracena confiscated in 1489 by the Catholic Monarchs, who sentenced him to death, and fled to France the following year.
In Portugal, he was known by the name Martim Fernandes de Tovar, for having aligned himself with King Afonso V against the Catholic Monarchs and in favour of Joanna la Beltraneja. He was also known as the father of the navigator Sancho de Tovar and as the head of the Tovar family in the country.
Family Tovar was born under the name Juan, son of Sancho Fernández de Tovar, Lord of Cevico, and Chief-guard to John II of Castile, a cadet branch of the House of Tovar. His father, Sancho de Tovar, is documented as early as 1432 in possession of the Lordship of Cevico.A diploma given in Ciudad Rodrigo on 2 October 1432, confirms him as Sancho de Tovar, Señor de Cevico, Guarda Mayor del Rey Likewise it confirms the creation of the morgadio of D. Álvaro de Luna, on 26 February 1438: Sancho de Tovar, Señor de Cevico, Guarda Mayor del Rey confirma . In 1449, Sancho de Tovar, "son of Juan de Tovar", renounced to the Count of Urueña, Juan Téllez-Girón, all the rights he had in the majorat of the House of Tovar. Juan de Tovar, his paternal grandfather, was also Lord of the towns of Cevico and Caracena, and Chief-guard to John II of Castile. He married Catarina Manuel, daughter of Pedro Manuel (Rico-Homem and Lord of the towns of Montealegre and Meneses) and Juana Manrique. According to Salazar y Castro, Juan de Tovar was also the paternal great-grandson of Sancho de Tovar, Lord of Cevico and Keeper of the Kingdom, and Teresa de Toledo.
In 1460, Juan de Tovar married Leonor de Vilhena, receiving from his future wife a dowry of 700 thousand maravedis, promising her, in return, 200 thousand maravedis. Leonor was Portuguese and from a noble family: Sister of Rodrigo Afonso de Melo, Count of Olivença, both part of the numerous offspring of Martim Afonso de Melo, Chief-guard to the King Edward, alcalde and frontier of Olivença, and Lord of Ferreira de Aves (deceased before 1469), and Margarida de Vilhena. On her father's side, she was the granddaughter of another Martim Afonso de Melo (Chief-guard to John I and alcalde of Évora) and Beatriz Pimentel, daughter of João Afonso, Lord of Bragança. On the maternal side, she was the granddaughter of Rui Vaz Coutinho.
Lord of Cevico de la Torre and Caracena
In 1465, Tovar was already Lord of the villages of Cevico de la Torre and Caracena, as is attested on April 2 of that year, when Henry IV of Castile grants Juan Fernández de Tovar, Lord of Cevico de la Torre and Caracena, son and successor of Sancho de Tovar (already deceased), 40,000 maravedis per year of tenace to maintain 20 spearsTo be read: 20 lancers in his service. The lordships of Cevico de la Torre and Caracena had been in the Tovar lineage since 8 June 1368, when Henry II of Castile, by charter passed in Real regarding Toledo, granted them to his Chief-guard Sancho Fernández de Tovar, Juan's great-grandfather and brother of the Lord Admiral of Castile Fernando Sánchez de Tovar. The Lordship of Cevico might have initially been part of the Lordship of Berlanga, owned by the main branch of the Tovar. This main branch was dismembered in order to favor a secondary branch of the lineage.
Although he only documented himself in possession of the lordship in 1465, Juan was already involved in the administration of the lordship before that date. In 1460, he delivered in perpetual census the mill of Rebollosa de Pedro to the municipalities of Manzanares, Sabero and Termantia, places belonging to the jurisdiction of Caracena. The condition for this was that the inhabitants pay Tovar 75 bushels of bread, namely: 50 of wheat and 25 of rye, per day of San Miguel further authorizing the inhabitants of these three villages the cutting of wood from all the hills of Caracena whenever its destination was for the use of the mill. The inhabitants of the three counties were obliged to give the peons that were necessary for the mill's work, preventing them from using the mill's water to water their vegetable gardens, meadows and bread lands, except on Saturdays and Sundays.
The relations of the lord of Caracena with the manorial villages near his lands were not always cordial. In the 1460s, taking advantage of the bad relations between Juana Pimentel (widow of Álvaro de Luna) and Henry IV, Juan de Tovar invaded several times the lands of San Esteban de Gormaz, robbing and plundering the humble peasants of the county. This continued until Juana de Luna, heiress to Don Alvaro's lineage, married Diégo Lopez Pacheco, firstborn of the Marquis of Vilhena Juan Pacheco. The latter, acting on behalf of his daughter-in-law, responded to the violence initiated by Tovar with more violence, invading his lands and seizing the village of Inés, thus forcing him to sign the peace. On 20 April 1468 Juan de Tovar was forced to accept the conditions imposed by Juan Pacheco: the village of Inés, and Francisco de Tovar, firstborn of the lord of Caracena, would remain in the possession of his cousin Juan de Tovar, Lord of Berlanga, for one year. This served as guarantee that the peace signed between them would not be violated, after which time they would return to the possession and company of Tovar.
Loss of the Lordship of Caracena A few years later, Juan de Tovar, then Chief-guard of Henry IV, would eventually lose his Lordship of Caracena. After the death of the sovereign, Juan de Tovar not only did not recognize Princess Isabella as queen of Castile, but he joined the group of the Marquis of Vilhena and the Archbishop of Toledo, Alfonso Carrillo, who supported Joanna la Beltraneja as queen. After the defeat of the marquis of Vilhena at the Battle of Toro, the Catholic Monarchs made peace with Tovar and other knights who had followed the fate of Diego López Pacheco, deciding to be lenient with the uprisings. Juan de Tovar was pardoned by diploma given at Toro on 10 December 1476. Hostilities, however, did not cease. Instead, many of the knights pardoned, and momentarily reintegrated into royal obedience, turned against the monarchs again. Thus, in 1478, when Archbishop Alfonso Carrillo's second attempt to resurrect the Beltraneja party occurred, Juan de Tovar, who was then already called Martín Fernández de Tovar, was one of the conjurors. He provided cover for a new invasion of Castile by Afonso V of Portugal, and occupied the town of Alcalá de Henares in the name of la Beltraneja.'''As explained in full detail in the decree of confiscation of goods of 20 June 1489: "Juan de Tovar, who is now called Martín Fernández de Tovar, (...) gathered all the people he could in the town of Alcalá, strengthening it and making there great war equipment. He joined with the archbishop and requested favor and support for him so that the king of Portugal would again enter these, our kingdoms, persevering in the crime of lèse-majesté."
The final defeat of the Portuguese army and its partisans brought harsh punishments for the latter: Diego López Pacheco lost a large part of the towns and lands of the Marquesado de Vilhena, Juan de Tovar was sentenced to death, and the total loss of his landholdings, confiscated by the Spanish Crown. Tovar's protests were to no avail, deciding to sell Cevico de la Torre and Caracena. On 26 January 1486 the Catholic Monarchs issued a decree to the municipalities of Medina del Campo, Tordesillas and Dueñas forbidding the purchase of places and lands from these, under penalty of losing the properties. Their definitive confiscation took place by a decree dated 20 June 1489.
The town of Caracena and the village of Inés were later sold by the Catholic Monarchs to their Chief-guard, Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña, Lord of Maqueda, a relative of his namesake Archbishop of Toledo, who had taken part in the fighting against Tovar and helped his relatives from the House of Buendía to settle in the Valle de Cerrato region. For this and other reasons, a fierce rivalry was born between the Acuña/Carrillo and the Tovar, which would take place in Palencia as well as in Andalusia. Ferdinand and Isabella ended up condemning Juan de Tovar, confiscating his property, and thus favoring his enemies. The sale of Caracena and Inés took place on 26 March 1491. It was in reality a compensation for the sixteen million maravedis that the Major Commendator of León, Gutierre de Cárdenas, had given to Alfonso Carrillo for the sale of the Toledo village of Maqueda. This amount never reached Carrilho's hands since the Catholic Monarchs requested him to hand over the amounts to finance the last assault on the Kingdom of Granada. In exchange, the monarchs had promised Carrillo they would provide him 1,000 vassals in Soria, and an annual interest of 600,000 maravedis;. Until the vassals were delivered, they would grant him the rents of the town of Molina and the interest of 600,000 maravedis coming from estates in Seville and its borders. Shortly thereafter, Isabella and Ferdinand granted Carrillo the town of Caracena and the village of Inés,The site of Inés had not been confiscated from Juan de Tovar, since he had given it to his wife Leonor de Vilhena. The Catholic Monarchs acquired it from Francisco and Sancho de Tovar, sons of Juan de Tovar, on 29 November 1488. The document does not show the price of the sale. as well as the villages of Madruédano, Santa Maria de Val, and Adanta (lands confiscated from Juan de Tovar a few years earlier). In addition to the mentioned places, the Catholic Monarchs also compensated Carillo with one million three hundred thousand maravedis in cash, and an interest of 675,000 maravedis in annual rent, coming from the alcavalas of Alcalá de Guadaira, and other towns and places in the terms of Seville. Thus, from 1491, Caracena and Inés became part of the dominions of Alfonso Carrillo, who soon rebuilt the demolished castle of Caracena, in the dominions of such lordship, following the techniques of the time and adapting it to the use of artillery.
Further developments