Iván Héjjas (19 January 1890 – December 1950) was a Hungarian anti-communist soldier and paramilitary commander in the years following the First World War. He played an eminent role in the anti-communist and antisemitic purges and massacres during the White Terror in the period between 1919 and 1921. As a member of various far-right groups and parties, he was a member of parliament from 1927 to 1931.
Early life (1890–1918) Iván Héjjas was born into a wealthy peasant family with Transylvanian roots in Kecskemét on 19 January 1890, as a son of Mihály Héjjas (1860–1928) and Teréz Battlay (1866–1950). Iván had five brothers (Mihály Jr., Aurél, Tibor, Endre and Elek) and three sisters. Iván finished his secondary studies at the Higher Commercial School of Arad in 1909. Due to the influence of his godfather, he got a job as a bank clerk at the local branch of the People's Bank (). He worked as an assistant accountant at the Nagykőrös Economic Bank Ltd. in 1910. He was employed in the same position by the Kecskemét Commercial and Industrial Credit Institute in 1913.
The left-wing emigrant newspaper Bécsi Magyar Újság claimed in a 1921 article that Héjjas, according to an alleged police file, committed embezzlement against his mistress, a much older Jewish woman in 1911. According to the article, she died under suspicious circumstances soon afterwards. To avoid being charged with embezzlement, Héjjas fled to the Balkan Peninsula and fought in the Balkan Wars. Just prior to the First World War, Héjjas entered the service of Wilhelm, Prince of Albania in 1914, becoming his adviser. During his stay in Albania, Héjjas became familiar with the guerrilla warfare during the peasant revolt. Historian Balázs Kántás considered he was involved in the attempts of Austria-Hungary and the German Empire to colonize the Balkans. Héjjas reached the rank of major within the Albanian army.
Héjjas left Albania and returned to Austria-Hungary in 1916 to join the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces as a volunteer with dozens of Bosnian and Albanian militiamen. He was enlisted to the Imperial and Royal 68th Infantry Regiment. He was promoted to the rank of reserve first lieutenant in November 1916. By the end of the First World War, he was a fighter pilot at the Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops.
Paramilitary leader (1918–1925) First steps Even before the defeat in the war, Héjjas returned to his birthplace Kecskemét. In November 1918, he was a member of a military delegation, which offered their service to the newly installed Mihály Károlyi government after the Aster Revolution. Héjjas and his companions proposed to establish national guards along the eastern and southern borders of the disintegrating Kingdom of Hungary, but the Károlyi government pursued a pacifist policy on the basis of the Fourteen Points. Héjjas quickly became disillusioned with the new system. Under his leadership, 350 reserve officers gathered in Kecskemét on 19 November 1918, to demand the government to pay their substantial cash allowance and integrate them to the labor market. Héjjas and his soldiers also supported the division of large estates.
Following the formation of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in the spring of 1919, Héjjas began to organize his detachment – its core consisted of former members of the Aviation Troops – in his family's estate in the countryside near Kecskemét to overthrow the Communist government led by Béla Kun. The detachment later was known as Brigade of the Hungarian Plain (or Alföld Brigade, ). In the presence of approximately 300 men, Héjjas issued the so-called Kecskemét Manifesto, an important document of the Hungarian radical right-wing ideology in the interwar period. Héjjas rejected the Soviet Republic and the former pacifist policy too, intended to protect the "thousand-year borders" against the neighboring countries and demanded the division of large estates in favor of the WW1 veterans. Beside that, Héjjas also became one of the founders of the proto-fascist Association of Awakening Hungarians (ÉME). Alongside Pál Prónay, Gyula Gömbös, Gyula Ostenburg-Moravek and Károly Csörgey, Héjjas was also a member (and, allegedly, deputy commander) of the quasi-state secret service Double-Cross Blood Alliance (KKVSz). Héjjas' first rebellion broke out against the Soviet Republic in late April 1919. The insurgents planned to take over the military base located on the outskirts of Kecskemét, occupy the weapons warehouse in Orgovány, and then remove the Communists in the local government from power. The local authorities arrested 81 members of Héjjas' group (including Tibor, brother of Iván) on 22 April 1919. Subsequently, a brief skirmish took place between the insurgents and the local branch of the Red Guard. The rebellion was quickly suppressed, many leaders fled and hid in the surrounding farmsteads, including Iván Héjjas, Mihály Francia Kiss and Béla Liszka. The advancing Red Guard plausibly ransacked and looted Héjjas' farmstead, torturing his father and some of his siblings.
Role in the White Terror
Héjjas subsequently moved to Szeged, centre of counter-revolutionary activity. There, he negotiated with Károly Soós, chief of staff of Miklós Horthy, the Commander of the National Army. Soós, on behalf of Horthy, ordered him to "make order" in and around Kecskemét. Héjjas returned to his birthplace in July 1919, where he acted as a local military representative of the counter-revolutionary government. There, he organized a national guard with the consent of the Romanian Army's general staff, after the Romanians began to occupy the southern part of the Great Hungarian Plain. Becoming the de facto military governor of Kecskemét and the Danube–Tisza Interfluve, Héjjas ordered the internment and execution of those who allegedly collaborated with the former Communist regime. Héjjas and his militia received significant logistical and material support from the Romanian army in the following months. In October–November 1919, the Héjjas detachment murdered approximately 100 persons (including six police officers), moreover looting of their properties, whose participation in the Red Terror was not proven at all, according to an investigation conducted by Győző Drozdy, a member of parliament. In late 1919, the police chief of Kecskemét forwarded a document to government commissioner Gedeon Ráday, according to which Héjjas' paramilitary organization was responsible for the death or disappearance of 50 people in the area. Héjjas and his militia (including Mihály Francia Kiss) usually transferred the abducted persons from the prison of Kecskemét to the forest of Orgovány, where they were tortured and executed. Historian Béla Bodó calculated the number of the victims to 300 in the period between late September and early December 1919 in the region Danube–Tisza Interfluve.
About a third of the victims were Jewish. Beside anti-communism and antisemitism, Héjjas and his men were motivated by a mixture of material gain, desire for revenge and religious hatred. The detachment usually organized antisemitic pogroms in the region, the most notorious is the one in Izsák on 17 November 1919, where hundreds of Jews were physically assaulted, robbed and forcibly displaced. Bodó argued the main motivation was pure common law robbery. Houses of wealthy Jews were looted in Kecskemét during the months. In late December 1919, Héjjas drove a Fiat, confiscating it from a Jewish entrepreneur, while he gifted another automobile to his father from the prey in early 1920. Héjjas paid his men by allowing free robberies. For the intercession of Pál Prónay, his father, Mihály Héjjas was contracted as the main wine supplier for the National Army in 1920. According to a female witness, Iván Héjjas considered himself a soldier, who "carried out Horthy's orders, thus his conscience is clear". He added, "today, they might still think of us as just murderers. However, history will prove that we are heroes". Héjjas was surrounded by a cult of personality within his brigade. After the Romanian army – which prevented Iván Héjjas and his militia from committing crimes in several cases – withdrew from the areas east of river Tisza in April 1920, the Alföld Brigade extended its area of operation to the liberated areas as well. Bodó argued Héjjas and his men murdered 400 people between December 1920 and December 1921.
Héjjas' paramilitary career was patronized by Pál Prónay, the most infamous commander during the White Terror. Héjjas and his 17 men were admitted to the Rongyos Gárda in November 1919. Around the same time, dozens of bodies were dug up in the forest of Orgovány. Justice minister István Bárczy ordered a preliminary investigation of the crimes within the National Army, but Miklós Horthy and the military command refused his request. Soon, Héjjas and his closest companions left Kecskemét for the Ferdinand military base in Budapest. In early 1920, Héjjas chose a new headquarter for his brigade, the Britannia Hotel on the Grand Boulevard. Iván and Aurél Héjjas had important role in recruiting 2,000 men to the Rongyos Gárda at the turn of 1919 and 1920. According to Drozdy, the Héjjas brothers threatened the left-wing journalist Béla Somogyi not to write any more articles about the crimes of right-wing paramilitary groups in countryside, shortly before Somogyi's murder committed by then detachment of Gyula Ostenburg-Moravek.
The rise of Héjjas and the actions of his men worried the conservative political and military elite more and more, after Horthy was elected as Regent of Hungary and Hungary sought to stabilize its international relations in March 1920. Agricultural minister Gyula Rubinek initiated the dissolution of the ÉME in April 1920. In May, the government leaked Héjjas' police file (see above), and partly the socialist Népszava and partly the bourgeois radical Világ aired the affairs of Héjjas and his men. In response, Héjjas published an article in the columns of the Magyar Kurír in June, in which he threatened the government and the parliament on behalf of ÉME. In the same month, the government ordered the disbandment of the Alföld Brigade. Under his signature, several anti-government and antisemitic pamphlets were scattered throughout the capital. Since his range of motion gradually narrowed in the Danube–Tisza Interfluve, Héjjas and several of his soldiers moved to Western Transdanubia to join Prónay's efforts to hinder the incorporation of those territories (later known as Burgenland) to the First Austrian Republic, which Hungary had lost in accordance with the Treaty of Trianon. In July 1920, the Héjjas detachment attacked and looted an arsenal near Fürstenfeld (Fölöstöm). The acquired weapons were distributed among the men of Prónay and Héjjas in Hungary. According to a police report, 2–3,000 people were under Héjjas' command in Budapest. Héjjas and his men took part in the uprising in West Hungary, which led to the establishment of the short-lived breakaway state Lajtabánság in the autumn of 1921. Political differences soon drove a wedge between Prónay and Héjjas. The latter was young and ambitious military officer who was not determined to dedicate his life and career to the isolating Prónay – who aimed to overthrow the Hungarian government – and his crude idea of an independent Burgenland. In contrast to Prónay, Héjjas did not support Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne. Consequently, he refused to join the legitimist (royalist) forces against the Horthy regime despite the negotiations with Count Antal Sigray. In late October 1921, Héjjas's detachment occupied Sopron. After Charles IV recruited an army, Héjjas and his soldiers fled Western Hungary and swore allegiance to Regent Miklós Horthy.
Disbandment of militias