The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (), a Central Asian ruler descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur on his father's side and Genghis Khan on his mother's. After being ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to pursue his ambitions. Establishing himself in Kabul, he advanced southward in India through the Khyber Pass. Babur's forces defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat. By this time, however, Lodhi's empire was already weakening, while the Rajput confederacy led by the capable Rana Sanga of Mewar, remained the strongest power in the northern India.
Rana Sanga defeated Babur in the Battle of Bayana. However, in a decisive battle fought near Agra, Babur’s Timurid forces defeated Sanga’s Rajput army in the Battle of Khanwa. This battle was one of the most significant and historic battles in Indian history, as it determined the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries. The Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent during the reign of Aurangzeb.
Babur Name of conflict(time) Belligerent opponent outcomeFirst Battle of Panipat (21 April 1526) Mughal EmpireDelhi SultanateMughal victory Establishment of the Mughal EmpireBattle of Bayana(21 February 1527) Mughal Empire Rajput confederationRajput victoryBattle of Khanwa(16 March 1527) Mughal Empire Rajput confederation Mughal victoryBattle of Chanderi(20 January 1528) Mughal Empire Rajput confederationMughal victoryBattle of Ghaghra(6 May 1529) Mughal EmpireBengal SultanateMughal victory
Humayun Name of conflict(time) Belligerent opponent outcomeBattle of Mandrael (November 1534)Mughal EmpireGujarat SultanateMughal victoryBattle of Chausa(26 June 1539)Mughal EmpireSur EmpireSur victoryBattle of Kannauj(17 May 1540)Mughal EmpireSur EmpireSur victory Humayun defeated by Sher Shah Suri, fleed from India and took refuge in Safavid PersiaBattle of Machhiwara(15 May 1555)Mughal EmpireSur EmpireMughal victoryBattle of Sirhind (22 June 1555)Mughal EmpireSur EmpireMughal victory Re-establishment of Mughal Empire
Akbar Name of conflict(time) Belligerent opponent outcomeBattle of Tughlaqabad(7 October 1556)Mughal EmpireSur EmpireHemchandra's victorySecond Battle of Panipat(5 November 1556) Mughal EmpireSur EmpireMughal victorySiege of Mankot(January – 25 July 1557) Mughal EmpireSur loyalistsMughal victoryMughal conquest of Garha(1564–1567) Mughal EmpireGarha KingdomMughal victoryMughal conquest of Malwa(1560–1570) Mughal EmpireMalwa SultanateMughal victoryBattle of Thanesar (1567)(9 April 1567) Mughal EmpireTwo Great warrior clans SanyasisMughal victorySiege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568) Mughal EmpireMewar KingdomMughal victorySiege of Ranthambore (1568) (8 February – 21 March 1568) Mughal EmpireRajput of Ranthambore FortMughal victoryMughal conquest of Sindh(1572–1592) Mughal EmpireTarkhan dynastyMughal victory Sindh Falls to Mughal EmpireAkbar's conquest of Gujarat(1572–1573) Mughal EmpireGujarat SultanateMughal victory Mughal annexation of GujaratMughal invasion of Bengal(1572–1576) Mughal Empire Sultanate of BengalMughal victory Mughal Annexation of BengalBattle of Tukaroi(1575) Mughal EmpireSultanate of BengalMughal victoryBattle of Raj Mahal(1576) Mughal EmpireSultanate of BengalMughal victoryBattle of Haldighati(1576) Mughal Empire Kingdom of MewarMughal victoryMughal conquest of Kashmir(1585–1589) Mughal Empire Kashmir SultanateSupported by:Kishtwar KingdomMughal victory Mughal Annexed KashmirBattle of the Malandari Pass (1586) Mughal EmpireYousufzai AfghansYousufzai Afghans victory Raja Birbal was killed with entire Mughal forces.Battle of Hastivanj (1586) Mughal Empire Kashmir SultanateMughal victory Dissolution of Kashmir SultanateBattle of Bhuchar Mori(1591) Mughal EmpireGujarat SultanateMughal victory Dissolution of Gujarat Sultanate
Jahangir Name of conflict(time) Belligerent opponent outcomeSiege of Kandahar (1605-1606) Mughal Empire Safavid EmpireMughal victoryBattle of Dewair (1606) Mughal Empire Kingdom of MewarRajput victoryConquest of Bakla(1611) Mughal EmpireChandradwip KingdomMughal victory Chandradwip Kingdom formally annexed to Mughal BengalBattle of Bharali (1615 CE) Mughal Empire Ahom KingdomAhom victoryBattle of Samdhara (1616 CE) Mughal EmpireAhom KingdomAhom victoryBattle of Rohilla(1621) Mughal EmpireSikhsSikh victory Guru Hargobind led Sikhs to defeat Mughal armyMughal-Safavid War (1622-1623) Mughal Empire Safavid EmpireSafavid victory Kanadhar recaptured by SafavidsBattle of Bhatvadi(1624) Mughal Empire Bijapur SultanateAhmednagar SultanateAhmednagar victory
Shah Jahan Name of conflict(time) Belligerent opponent outcomeSiege of Hooghly(1632)Mughal Empire Portuguese EmpireMughal victorySiege of Daulatabad (1633) Mughal Empire Bijapur Sultanate Ahmednagar SultanateMughal victory' Siege of Parenda (1634) Mughal Empire Bijapur Sultanate Ahmednagar SultanateBijapur-Ahmednagar victoryBattle of Amritsar (1634) Mughal Empire SikhsSikh victoryBattle of Lahira(1634)[ Mughal Empire SikhsSikh victoryBattle of Kartarpur(1635) Mughal Empire SikhsSikh victorySiege of Nagpur(1637) Mughal EmpireKingdom of DeogarhMughal victory' Mughal Central Asia Campaign(1646–1647) Mughal Empire Khanate of BukharaIndecisiveSiege of Kandahar (1648–1649)Mughal Empire Safavid IranSafavid victorySieges of Kandahar (1649–1653)Mughal Empire Safavid IranSafavid victorySiege of Bidar(1657)Mughal Empire Bijapur SulatnateMughal victoryRaid of Ahmednagar (1657)Mughal Empire Maratha ConfederacyMughal victoryBattle of Dharmat(1658)Mughal Empire Rebels led by AurangzebAurangzeb's victoryBattle of Samugarh(1658) Dara ShikohShah Jahan AurangzebAurangzeb's victory Coronation of the Aurangzeb as Mughal EmperorBattle of Khajwa(1659) Aurangzeb Shah ShujaAurangzeb's victory
Aurangzeb +Name of conflict (time)Belligerent opponent outcomeBattle of Chakan(1660) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryMir Jumla's invasion of Assam(1663)Mughal Empire Ahom KingdomMughal victory Mughals takeover the capital GarhgaonBattle of Surat(1665) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMaratha victoryBattle of Purandar(1665) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryRaid of Ahmednagar (1657) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryJat Rebellion (1667–1723) Mughal EmpireJatsMughal victory' Battle of Alaboi(1669) Mughal Empire Ahom KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Tilpat (1669) Mughal EmpireJatsMughal victory' Battle of Sinhagad(1670) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMaratha victoryBattle of Saraighat(1671)Mughal Empire Ahom KingdomAhom victoryBattle of Salher(1672) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMaratha victoryBattle of Shivneri Fort(1673) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Umrani(1673) Mughal EmpireMaratha KingdomMughal victorySiege of Shivneri Fort(1678) Mughal EmpireMaratha KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Bhupalgarh(1679) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryRathore rebellion (1679–1707) Kingdom of Marwar and Kingdom of Mewar Mughal Empire First Phase-Mughal victory Second Phase-Rajput victorySacking of Burhanpur (1681)Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMaratha victorySiege of Janjira (1682)Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Itakhuli(1682) Ahom KingdomMughal EmpireAhom victoryBattle of Kalyan(1682–1683)Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryMaratha invasion of Goa (1683)Mughal EmpirePortuguese India Maratha KingdomInconclusiveSiege of Ramsej(1682–1688)Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryMughal invasions of Konkan (1684)Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMaratha victoryAnglo-Mughal War (1684–1690) Mughal EmpireBritish EICMughal victorySiege of Bijapur(1685– 1686) Mughal EmpireBijapur SultanateMughal victory Mughal Empire annexed all territories ruled by Adil Shahi DynastySiege of Golconda(1687) Mughal Empire Golconda SultanateMughal victory Mughal Empire annexed Qutb Shahi dynastyBattle of Wai(1687) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMaratha victoryBattle of Raigarh(1689) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Athani(1690) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMaratha victoryBattle of Nadaun(1691) Mughal Empire Sikhs Chandel of KahlurSikh And Chandel victoryBattle of Guler (1696) Mughal Empire SikhsSikh victorySiege of Jinji(1698) Mughal Empire Madurai Nayak Dynasty Maratha KingdomMughal- Madurai victoryBattle of Paranda(1699) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Satara(1699–1700) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Anandpur (1700)Mughal Empire KhalsaKhalsa victoryBattle of Anandpur (1701)Mughal Empire KhalsaKhalsa victoryBattle of Khelna(1701–1702) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Nirmohgarh (1702) Mughal Empire KhalsaKhalsa victoryBattle of Basoli(1702) Mughal Empire KhalsaKhalsa victoryFirst Battle of Chamkaur(1702) Mughal Empire KhalsaKhalsa victoryBattle of Raigarh (1703-1704) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Sironj(1704) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Torna(1704) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Anandpur (1704) Mughal Empire KhalsaMughal victoryBattle of Sarsa(1704) Mughal Empire KhalsaMughal victoryBattle of Chamkaur (1704) Mughal Empire KhalsaMughal victory Mughal Army failed to capture Guru Gobind SinghSiege of Wagingera(1704) Mughal Empire Maratha KingdomMughal victoryBattle of Muktsar(1705) Mughal Empire KhalsaKhalsa victory
Bahadur Shah I and Farrukhsiyar Name of conflict(time) Belligerents opponent outcomeBattle of Jajau(1707) Mughals under Bahadur Shah I Supported by Khalsa (Sikhs) Mughals under Azam ShahBahadur Shah victory Part of Mughal war of succession (1707) Bahadur Shah I was crowned as the Mughal emperorRajput Rebellion 1708-1710 (21 April 1708 – 11 June 1710) Kingdom of Marwar Kingdom of AmberSupported ByKingdom of Mewar Mughal EmpireRajput victoryBattle of Sonipat(1709)Khalsa Mughal EmpireKhalsa victoryBattle of Samana(1709)KhalsaMughal EmpireKhalsa victoryBattle of Chappar Chiri1710) Khalsa Mughal EmpireKhalsa victoryBattle of Sadhaura(1710)KhalsaMughal EmpireKhalsa victoryBattle of Rahon(1710)KhalsaMughal EmpireKhalsa victoryBattle of Jalalabad(1710)Mughal EmpireKhalsaKhalsa victoryBattle of Thanesar (1710)KhalsaMughal EmpireKhalsa victoryBattle of Lohgarh(1710)KhalsaMughal EmpireMughal victoryBattle of Thanesar (1710)KhalsaMughal EmpireMughal victorySiege of Lohgarh (1710)Khalsa Mughal EmpireMughal victoryBattle of Bandanwara(1711)Mewar Kingdom Mughal EmpireMewar victoryBattle of Jammu (1712)KhalsaMughal EmpireMughal victoryBattle of Lohgarh (1712)Khalsa Mughal EmpireKhalsa victoryBattle of Kiri Pathan (1714) Khalsa Mughal EmpireKhalsa victorySiege of Gurdas Nangal(1715)Khalsa Mughal EmpireMughal victory Mughal army captured Banda Singh Bahadur after 8 month long siege
Muhammad Shah Name of conflict(time) Belligerents opponent outcomeBattle of Balapur(1720) Mughal Empire(Nizamul Mulk)Sayyid Brothers Maratha ConfederacyMughal victoryBattle of Fatehpur Sikri(1721) Mughal EmpireJatsMughal victoryBattle of Shakar Kheda(1724) Mughal Empire Nizam of Hyderabad Maratha EmpireNizam-Maratha victoryBattle of Palkhed(1728) Mughal Empire Nizam of Hyderabad Maratha ConfederacyMaratha victoryBattle of Bundelkhand(1729) Maratha Confederacy Kingdom of Bundelkhand Mughal EmpireMaratha-Bundela victoryBattle of Bhopal(1737) Mughal Empire Hyderabad Nizamshahi Kingdom of Awadh Kingdom of Jaipur Kingdom of KotaOther Mughal chiefs Maratha ConfederacyMaratha victoryBattle of Khyber Pass(1738) Mughal Empire Afsharid dynastyPersian victoryBattle of Karnal(1739) Mughal Empire Hyderabad Oudh Afsharid IranAfsharid dynasty victory Delhi Sacked and Looted Decline of Mughal EmpireBattle of Gangwana(1741) Kingdom of JaipurReinforced By Mughal Empire Kingdom of Bharatpur Kingdom of Bundi Kingdom of Kota Kingdom of Karauli Kingdom of Shahpura Rathores of Bakht SinghIndecisiveBattle of Lahore (1748) Mughal Empire Durrani EmpireDurrani Empire victoryBattle of Manupur (1748) Mughal Empire Kingdom of Jaipur