The periodisation of the history of Belize is the division of Belizean, Maya, and Mesoamerican history into named blocks of time, spanning the arrival of Palaeoindians to the present time. The pre-Columbian era is most often periodised by Mayanists, who often employ four or five periods to discuss history prior to the arrival of Spaniards. The Columbian era is most often periodised by historians, and less often by Mayanists, who often employ at least four periods to discuss history up to the present time.
Columbian Periods The Columbian era of Belizean history is most often divided into four periods, ie the Spanish, Precolonial, Colonial, and Sovereign, all preceded by a portion of the pre-Columbian Postclassic period extending past 1492. These are most often defined or characterised in terms of distinguishing events occurring between each period, ie events separating one period from another, and less often in terms of distinguishing events, trends, or milestones occurring within each period. Generally, there has been less attention paid to the periodisation of the Columbian era of Belizean history, as opposed to its pre-Columbian era, resulting in broad concordance between the upper and lower bounds employed for each period in scholarly literature.
Postclassic
Spanish
The Spanish period is most often characterised as the time span prior to the beginning or end of the Tipu rebellion, , or to the latest Tipu reducción in .
Precolonial The Precolonial period is most often characterised as the time span running to the date on which the British settlement in the Bay of Honduras was granted a colonial charter, ie , or the date on which these letters patent were proclaimed, ie .
Colonial The Colonial period is most often characterised as the time span running to the passage of the Belize Act in UK Parliament, the Constitution Act in the Belizean Parliament, or the date on which said acts came into force, known as the day on which Belize gained sovereignty or independence from the UK, ie .
Sovereign The Sovereign ie Independent period is most often characterised as the time span running to the present.
Table + Defined upper and lower bounds of Columbian periods of Belizean history as per 20th and 21st century literature. No Name Sub Span Date Date Event Notes 1 Postclassic from latest Mayan monumental inscription to earliest Spanish contact or completion of Spanish conquest Dedication of Itzimte Stela 6 cf Arrival of Columbus Founding of Bacalar 2 Spanish to start of Tipu revolt or abandonment of Bacalar or latest reducción Start of Tipu revolt cf Abandonment of Bacalar Latest Spanish reducción 3 Precolonial – to granting of colonial charter or to its proclamation Charter granted cf Charter proclaimed 4 Colonial – to passage of Belize and Constitution Acts or from their enactment Passage of Belize and Constitution Acts cf Enactment of Belize and Constitution Acts 5 Sovereign – to present – – – –
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+ Upper and lower bounds of Columbian periods of Belizean history as per 20th and 21st century literature. Place Start Postclassic Spanish Precolonial Colonial Sovereign Notes Belize 1000 1544 1648 1862 1981 – cf Belize 1000 1544 1708 1862 1981 – cf Belize 1000 1521 1708 – – – cf Belize 1000 – – 1862 1981 – cf Belize – – 1638 1862 1981 – cf Belize – – 1650 1862 1981 – cf Orange Walk 1000 1544 1700 1862 1981 – cf
Pre-Columbian Periods Pre-Columbian Belizean, Maya, and Mesoamerican history is most often divided into five periods, ie the Palaeoindian, Archaic, Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic. These are most often defined or characterised in terms of distinguishing events or trends occurring within each period, rather than events occurring between each period (ie events separating one period from another). As a result, though the aforementioned sequence is well-established, and despite each period's characterisation being broadly agreed upon, various discordant upper and lower bounds have been employed for each period in scholarly literature, resulting in temporal overlaps and gaps between chronologies. Additionally, the events or trends used to characterise these periods are now known to have occurred at different times in different geographic regions, sub-regions, and settlements, rather than all-at-once across the Maya Region or Mesoamerica. This further adds to the discordance between chronologies employed in scholarly literature, as increasingly localised upper and lower bounds for sub-regional geographic entities are used (in preference to fixed or standardised regional start and end dates).
Preceramic
The Preceramic period is most often characterised as the time span prior to the first appearance of ceramics in the relevant geographic region.
Palaeoindian The Palaeoindian ie Lithic period is most often characterised as the time span during which humans first peopled the Americas. Its start is, furthermore, commonly dated to modern humans' first arrival in the relevant geographic region.
Archaic The Archaic period is most often characterised as the time span during which non-nomadic farming settlements first appeared in the relevant geographic region.
Preclassic
The Preclassic ie Formative period is most often characterised as the timespan during which socioeconomically complex societies or states first appeared across the relevant geographic region. It was prior thought of as the period which preceded the Classic culmination or florescence of Maya civilisation, ie 'as a precursor to civilisation, but without the attributes of civilisation in its own right.'
Classic
The Classic period is most often characterised as the time span during which the social, economic, political, artistic, and intellectual development of societies or states across the relevant geographic region first peaked or culminated.
Postclassic
The Postclassic is most often characterised as the time span during which societies or states across the relevant geographic region underwent transformation or revival. It was prior thought of as the period which followed the Classic culmination or florescence of Maya civilisation, ie 'as a decline from the Classic peak of civilisation, a time marked by decadence rather than [a Classic-like] era of continued development.'
Though the entire Palaeoindian-to-Postclassic time span is often characterised as pre-Columbian, the Postclassic is most often end dated after 1492.
Table + Defining upper and lower bounds of pre-Columbian periods in 21st century literature. No Name Sub Span Date Date Event Notes 1 Preceramic from earliest arrival of modern humans to earliest use or production of ceramics 11785 cal BC 11410 cal BC Death of Naharon I cf 6660 cal BC 6570 cal BC Death of unnamed Toledoan 1375 cal BC 1050 cal BC Production of unnamed Cunil ceramic 2 Preclassic to earliest monumental inscription 300 cal BC 200 cal BC Inscription of Mayan hieroglyphs in Las Pinturas cf 3 Classic to latest monumental inscription Dedication of Itzimte Stela 6 cf 4 Postclassic to earliest Spanish contact or completion of Spanish conquest Arrival of Columbus Founding of Bacalar
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+ Upper and lower bounds of pre-Columbian periods of Belizean, Maya, or Mesoamerican history as per 21st century literature. Place Start Preceramic Preclassic Classic Po Notes Pa Ar E M L T E L T E LMaya -12000 -8000 -2000 -1000 -400 100 250 600 800 900 – 1500 cfMaya -12000 -8000 -2000 -1000 -400 100 250 600 800 1100 – 1500 cfMesoamerica -35000 -7000 -2000 – – – – – – – – – cfMesoamerica -35000 -9000 -2000 – – – – – – – – – cfLowlands – – – – -400 – 250 600 800 900 – 1500 cfMesoamerica – – – -900 -300 1 150 600 790 900 – – cfMesoamerica – – – -900 -300 1 250 600 790 900 – – cfToledo -13500 -8000 -1500 -900 – – 250 – – – – – cfCayo – – – -1200 -300 1 150 600 800 900 1200 1500 cfCayo – – – -1200 -300 1 300 600 800 900 1200 1500 cfMesoamerica -33050 -7000 -2000 – – – – – – – – – cfMesoamerica -33050 -9000 -2000 – – – – – – – – – cfLowlands – – – – – – 250 – – 900 – – cfMesoamerica – – – – – – 300 – – 900 1200 1521 cfCayo – – -1200 -900 -300 – 300 600 800 900 – – cfBelize – – -1500 -900 -400 -100 250 600 800 1000 1200 1544 cfBelize – – -1500 -900 -400 -100 250 600 800 1000 1250 1544 cfBelize -11500 -8000 -900 – – – – – – – – – cfBelize -11500 -8000 -1200 -1000 -400 – – – – – – – cfMesoamerica -10000 -8000 -1500 – – – 300 – – 900 – 1520 cfMesoamerica – – -2000 -900 -600 1 250 600 – 900 1200 1521 cfMaya -12000 -7000 -2000 -1000 -400 – 250 600 900 1000 1250 1521 cfMaya -12000 -8000 -2000 -1000 -400 – 300 600 900 1000 1250 1521 cfBelize – -7000 -2500 -1000 -400 – 250 600 800 900 1250 1530 cf
See also Periodisation of Mesoamerican history
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