Julius Petersen (5 November 1878 - 22 August 1941) was a German literary scholar and university professor, principally at the Friedrich Wilhelm University (as it was known before 1949) in Berlin. He did much to rediscover the works of Theodor Fontane for twentieth century readers. Petersen himself has been described as one of the most influential academics in the field of German studies during the interwar period, but after 1945 he disappeared from university reading lists. During the 1960s interest in his life and works resurfaced, though it has frequently been on account of evident contradictions in his attitude to National Socialism during the final decade of his own life that he has attracted the interest of more recent commentators.
Life Provenance and early years Julius Petersen was born in Strasbourg, which at that time was the main city in a recently annexed and still semi-detached province of Germany. His father, another Julius Petersen (1835-1909), was a senior lawyer and judge from Landau (Pfalz) who, in addition, served between October 1881 and April 1883 as a member of the German Reichstag (parliament). The younger Julius Petersen attended secondary school at the "Nikolaischule", far away to the east in Leipzig, to where the family had evidently relocated in connection with his father's judicial appointment to the I. Strafsenat" (loosely, "first criminal bench") at the German High Court.
Student years and post graduate teaching posts He moved on to his university-level education in 1897, studying German philology, art history and philosophy at the University of Lausanne, the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Leipzig University, and the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin. In 1898, he was accepted into membership of the Corps Suevia student fraternity in Munich, Kösener Corpslisten 1960, 114/1134. though there are indications that almost at once he switched from Munich to Leipzig and was classified by the Munich fraternity as an inactive member, with only very restricted involvement in corps activities. Among Petersen's more illustrious university teachers were Albert Köster at Leipzig University, followed by Wilhelm Dilthey, Heinrich Wölfflin and Erich Schmidt at the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin. It was Schmidt who supervised him at Berlin for his doctorate, which he received in 1903 in return for a piece of work concerning "Schiller and the stage". That was followed by three years spent working in Stuttgart with the Cotta’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung publishing house. During 1906/07 he edited the academic supplement of the respected Allgemeine Zeitung (newspaper) which was, by this time, being produced in Munich. He received his habilitation (post-doctoral degree) from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in 1909, opening the way for a lifelong career in the university sector. His topic, on this occasion, was "Chivalry in the works of Johannes Rothe". The work, subsequently adapted and published as a book, was supervised by the neogrammarian philologist Hermann Paul.
For the next two years, Petersen worked as a "Privatdozent" (tutor). In 1911 he accepted an associate professorship which came with a lectureship in Modern German Philology and Theatre Studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin. In 1912, he switched, moving to Yale University at New Haven, Connecticut where, during 1912/13, he taught as a visiting professor. In North America he was also able to deepen his friendship with Kuno Francke at nearby Harvard University, a long established professor of German Culture and History, who is reported greatly to have respected Petersen's academic abilities. His next move, during the second half of 1912 or in 1913, was to the University of Basel.
Frankfurt He transferred again in 1914, this time to the newly opening "Goethe University" at Frankfurt am Main, as an ordinary [i.e. full and permanent] Professor of Modern German Language and Literature. Both university archives and Petersen's own surviving papers are frustratingly short of information on his time at Frankfurt, much of which coincided with the First World War. He seems to have started teaching at the university during 1914, but university records indicate that he was "officially employed" by the university only between 1915 and 1921. Sources are not wholly consistent over timelines. After (probably) three terms of teaching he was called away for military service. There is no indication that he was ever sent to the front line, but in 1915 he was informed that he would be undertaking "garrison duties" for a year. The university managed to have his deployment deferred. It appears that arrangements were implemented, at least initially, for him to undertake his garrison duties with a regiment stationed close to the university, indicating that efforts were made to enable him to undertake his two sets of responsibilities in parallel. As late as February 1916 his personnel file includes a letter from the dean of faculty to the military authorities stressing Petersen's indispensability: "Contrary to our expectations, the number of German Studies students is so large that - as in the case of Classical Philology - that for both disciplines we should be able to provide lectures and student work programmes to the fullest extent possible". Nevertheless, military obligations evidently took Petersen away from the university at least for the winter term of 1916/17. It appears that in his absence his courses were not taught. During 1917 and most of 1918 he was again away, undertaking war duties in his military role as a "junior officer".
Berlin In his 1914 inaugural lecture at Goethe University Frankfurt, which carried the barely translatable title "Literaturgeschichte als Wissenschaft" (loosely, "Literary History as an academic study"), Petersen sought to draw together the teaching philologies and philosophies of his recent tutors, in particular Wilhelm Scherer, Erich Schmidt and Wilhelm Dilthey. By setting out his own teaching programme in this way, Petersen invited his audience to infer an intention and ability to mediate a synthesis between philology and the history of thought, and thereby between traditionalists and modernists. Six years later, with the political and social context transformed by war and revolution, this earned him an invitation to fill the professorial teaching chair in the History of Modern German Literature at the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin formerly occupied by his old tutor, Erich Schmidt. He took up the appointment at the start of the 1920/21 term. After a six-year hiatus during which the position had been unfilled, Petersen's arrival represented a new beginning: described by one commentator as "a lively and innovative presence at the university", he broke with tradition by inviting writers to the university in order that they might meet with the students. He even insisted that the writers who came received "a decent honorarium" for their trouble. Julius Petersen taught at Berlin for the rest of his life .
In 1923, Petersen became was co-director of the university Theatre Studies Institute, founded that year at his instigation. He alternated directorial duties with Max Herrmann until 1933. In April 1933, Herrmann was forced into retirement. Petersen became sole director of the section, while Herrmann was later deported with his wife to the Theresienstadt Concentration Camp, where he died in November 1942. Max Herrmann was Jewish.
During his professorship at Berlin of more than twenty years' duration, Julius Petersen undertook several major overseas lecture tours, at least some of which were undertaken in his capacity as president, between 1926 and 1938, of the Goethe Society. These included visits to Portugal in 1927, the United States and Mexico in 1933, and to England and Estonia in 1935.
A particularly important project in which Petersen engaged involved sorting, archiving and "academic evaluation" of the extensive literary estate of Theodor Fontane. In this way he made a lasting contribution to Fontane philology. Many of the students who emerged from his Fontane and "Baroque" seminars subsequently became notable literary scholars in their own right. These included Richard Alewyn, Charlotte Jolles, Wolfgang Kayser, Fritz Martini and Erich Trunz. His advocacy of compromise in the so-called philological "methodology dispute" of the 1920a may not have been conceptually innovative, but through the various assignments he undertook and the various editions he oversaw of the works of icons of German literature such as Lessing, Goethe, Jean Paul and Schiller, Petersen did become the most prominent and perhaps influential of the nation's "new Germanisticists".
National Socialism Petersen was much criticised, especially after 1945, for the way in which he used his influence as a popular and respected professor of the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin to pull the mainstream study of Germanistics into line with dogmas of National Socialism which were at best bizarre or offensive, and some of which proved desperately dangerous after their noisiest exponents took power in 1933. In 1934 he became the producer-editor of Euphorion, a long established literary journal which now changed its title to Dichtung und Volkstum and adopted a starkly nationalistic tone. In 1934 he contributed an article which subsequently became infamous under the title "Die Sehnsucht nach dem Dritten Reich in deutscher Sage und Dichtung" ("The Yearning for the Third Reich in German sagas and ballads"). The article includes the observation that "belief in the God-given mission of a benevolent saviour and leader becomes a religious certainty".Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-10-039326-5, p. 454. Discussion of whether or not Petersen was a "true believer" can quickly become binary. It seems likely that he became a member of the government backed "Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund" (loosely, "National Socialist Lecturers League") if only in order to retain his job at the university, but there is no indication that he ever joined the party itself. There are plenty of other statements that he came up with that would have made it very easy for the Hitlerites to believe that he was one of their own. On 27 August 1935 Petersen delivered his presidential address to the Goethe Society on the occasion of its fiftieth anniversary. He took the opportunity to stress his assessment that Goethe's sense of patriotism corresponded not to quiet contemplation but to "active self-determination to stay true to oneself, self-assertion and the constant striving for self-improvement", and thereby to the "ideology of the Third Reich".<Herbert Greiner-Mai: Weimar im Urteil der Welt. Hrsg.: Herbert Greiner-Mai. Aufbau, Berlin Weimar 1977, p. 347 During an overseas trip he went on record with the statement that Goethe would have cheered Germany's brown shirted men of power just as he had cheered the Lützow volunteers who fought against the Napoleonic military occupation in 1813/14. By 1945 Petersen was dead, and there was plenty of printed evidence of his stated opinions to ensure that no one came forward at that time to defend his political judgements.