Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining pieces of wood, engineered lumber, or synthetic substitutes (such as laminate), to produce more complex items. Some woodworking joints employ mechanical fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements (such as dowels or plain mortise and tenon fittings).
The characteristics of wooden joints—strength, flexibility, toughness, appearance, etc.—derive from the properties of the materials involved and the purpose of the joint. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to construct a house can be different from that used to make cabinetry or furniture, although some concepts overlap. In British English joinery is distinguished from carpentry, which is considered to be a form of structural timber work; in other locales joinery is considered a form of carpentry.
History
Many traditional wood joinery techniques use the distinctive material properties of wood, often without resorting to mechanical fasteners or adhesives. While every culture of woodworking has a joinery tradition, joinery techniques have been especially well-documented, and are celebrated, in the Indian, Chinese, European, and Japanese traditions. Surviving Indian and Egyptian furniture from the first several dynasties show the use of complex joints, such as the dovetail joint, more than 5,000 years ago. This tradition continued to other later Western styles. The 18th-century writer Denis Diderot included more than 90 detailed illustrations of wood joints for building structures alone, in his comprehensive Encyclopédie published in 1765. While Western techniques focused on concealment of joinery, joiners in the Eastern societies traditionally did not attempt to "hide" their joints. The Japanese and Chinese traditions in particular required the use of hundreds of types of joints. The reason was that nails and glues used did not stand up well to the vastly fluctuating temperatures and humid weather conditions in most of Central and South-East Asia. In addition, the highly resinous woods used in traditional Chinese furniture do not glue well, even if they are cleaned with solvents and attached using modern glues.
As the trade, new developments have evolved to help speed, simplify, or improve joinery. Alongside the integration of different glue formulations, newer mechanical joinery techniques include "biscuit" and "domino" joints, and pocket screw joinery.
Properties of wood Many wood joinery techniques either depend upon or compensate for the fact that wood is anisotropic: its material properties are different along different dimensions.
This must be taken into account when joining wood parts together, otherwise the joint is destined to fail. Gluing boards with the grain running perpendicular to each other is often the reason for split boards, or broken joints. Some furniture from the 18th century, while made by master craftsmen, did not take this into account. The result is a masterful work that may suffer from broken bracket feet, which was often attached with a glued block, which ran perpendicular to the base pieces. The glue blocks were fastened with both glue and nails, resulting in unequal expansion and contraction between the pieces. This was also the cause of splitting of wide boards, which were commonly available and used during that period.
In modern woodworking it is even more critical, as heating and air conditioning cause more severe respiration demands between the environment and the wood's interior fibers. All woodworking joints must take these changes into account, and allow for the resulting movement.Pro Woodworking Tips.com Each wood species has a general respiration rate; a generally-assumed time length for acclimating a board to its locale is 1 year per inch of thickness. In preparing raw wood for eventual usage as furniture or structures, one must account for uneven respiration and changes in the wood's dimensions, as well as cracking or checking.
Strength Wood is stronger when stressed along the grain (longitudinally) than it is when stressed across the grain (radially and tangentially). Wood is a natural composite material; parallel strands of cellulose fibers are held together by a lignin binder. These long chains of fibers make the wood exceptionally strong by resisting stress and spreading the load over the length of the board. Furthermore, cellulose is tougher than lignin, a fact demonstrated by the relative ease with which wood can be split along the grain compared to across it.
Different species of wood have different strength levels, and the exact strength may vary from sample to sample. Species also may differ on their length, density and parallelism of their cellulose strands.
Dimensional stability Timber expands and contracts in response to humidity, usually much less so longitudinally than in the radial and tangential directions. As tracheophytes, trees have lignified tissues which transport resources such as water, minerals and photosynthetic products up and down the plant. While lumber from a harvested tree is no longer alive, these tissues still absorb and expel water causing swelling and shrinkage of the wood in kind with change in humidity.Wood Movement, WoodworkDetails.com When the dimensional stability of the wood is paramount, quarter-sawn or rift-sawn lumber is preferred because its grain pattern is consistent and thus reacts less to humidity.
Materials used for joining
Dowels can secure wood joints hold without the use of glue or mechanical fasteners, as in a pinned mortise and tenon. Glue is highly effective for joining timber when both surfaces of the joint are edge grain. A properly glued joint may be as strong or stronger than a single piece of wood. Animal glue is soluble in water, producing joints that can be disassembled using steam to soften the bond. Various mechanical fasteners may be used, the simplest being nails and screws. Glue and fasteners can be used together.
Reinforcing joints
Dowel: A small rod is used internal to a joint both to help align and to strengthen the joint. Traditional joints such as butt joints are used with natural timbers as they do not need materials other than the timber itself. Dowel joints are also useful for pegging together weaker, cheaper composite materials such as laminate-faced chipboard, and where limited woodworking tools are available (since only simple drilled holes are needed to take the dowels). The wood species of a dowel may be different from the overall piece to balance strength with cost, and some joinery may leave a dowel end visible as part of the piece's design.
Biscuit joints: A small preformed wooden 'biscuit' is inserted in a pre-cut slot to help align an edge or butt joint when gluing. Domino joiner: A trademarked form of biscuit joiner, using a piece of preformed wood, larger than a traditional biscuit and referred to as a "domino"; has some of the advantages of dowels and of biscuits. Monday, June 22, 2020
All reinforcements using wood as the introduced spanning material make use of the item's cellulose fibers to resist breakage. Biscuits or dominos may provide only slight strength improvement while still forming a strong alignment guide for the joint's pieces. September 29, 2020
Types of wood joints Traditional Most-commonly referenced joints carried forward from historical Western traditions. +JointImageDescriptionButt jointThe end of a piece of wood is butted against another piece of wood. This is the simplest and weakest joint. Of those, there is the a) T-butt, b) end-to-end butt, c) Miter butt and d) edge-to-edge butt.Lap jointThe end of a piece of wood is laid over and connected to another piece of wood. Due to a large surface area of long-grain to long-grain wood and glue surface coverage, this is a very strong joint.Wood Magazine "Wood Joint Torture Test" Bridle joint Also known as open tenon, open mortise and tenon, or tongue and fork joints, this joint is where the through mortise is open on one side and forms a fork shape. The mate has a through tenon or necked joint. Bridle joints are commonly used to join rafter tops, also used in scarf joints and sometimes sill corner joints in timber framing.Mortise and tenonA stub (the tenon) will fit tightly into a hole cut for it (the mortise). This is a hallmark of Mission Style furniture, and also the traditional method of jointing frame and panel members in many designs. Can be considered a fully-encapsulated Bridle Joint. Very popular and strong, with variations for the tenon design, appearance, and mechanical pressure.Dowel jointThe end of a piece of wood is butted against another piece of wood. This is reinforced with dowel pins. This joint is quick to make with production line machinery and so is a very common joint in factory-made furniture.Cross dowel jointA threaded metal dowel is inserted into a drilled slot. A screw is then inserted through an opposing slot and tightened to create a pull effect. This type of join is a very common joint in factory-made furniture.Mitre jointSimilar to a butt joint, but both pieces have been beveled (usually at a 45-degree angle).Box jointA corner joint with interlocking square fingers. Receives pressure from two directions. Dovetail jointA form of box joint where the fingers are locked together by diagonal cuts.Dado jointAlso called a housing joint or trench joint, a slot is cut across the grain in one piece for another piece to sit in; shelves on a bookshelf having slots cut into the sides of the shelf, for example.Groove jointLike the dado joint, except that the slot is cut with the grain. Sometimes referred to interchangeably with the dado joint.Tongue and grooveEach piece has a groove cut all along one edge, and a thin, deep ridge (the tongue) on the opposite edge. If the tongue is unattached, it is considered a spline joint.Birdsmouth jointAlso called a bird's beak cut, this joint used in roof construction. A V-shaped cut in the rafter connects the rafter to the wall-plate.Cross lapA joint in which the two members are joined by removing material from each at the point of intersection so that they overlap.Splice jointA joint used to attach two members end to end.Scarf jointA form of lap joint for attaching the ends of two members using bevel cuts.Knapp jointAlso known as scallop and dowel, scallop and peg,Megan Fitzpatrick. "The history of the cove-and-pin joint". 2018. pin and cove, pin and scallop, or half moon."Fun furniture fact: The Knapp joint". Most furniture factories in the East and Midwest of the United States made Knapp joint drawers from around 1871 to 1900.
Modern JointImageDescriptionPocket-hole joineryA countersunk screw is driven into the joint at an angle.BiscuitA wooden oval is glued into two corresponding crescent-shaped slots.Floating tenon jointAlso known as a loose tenon joint, a type of mortise and tenon joint where both work pieces are mortised to receive a double-ended tenon.Stitch and glueWood panels secured temporarily together, usually with copper wire, and glued permanently in place with epoxy resin.
Joinery terms When material is removed to create a woodworking joint, the resulting surfaces have the following names: Cheek, the flat surface parallel to the face of the joint member which exposes long grain Shoulder, the surface perpendicular to the face or edge of the joint member which exposes end grain
Joinery as a profession