These are lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in the Catalan language. The two main standard forms (Standard Catalan and Standard Valencian) are used as primary transcriptions norms of their respective spelling forms.
Spelling patterns and pronunciation in Catalan and Valencian Consonants and combinations of consonant letters Spelling Examples Examples (IEC) (AVL) (IEC) (AVL) b initially and medially (elsewhere) , Baotou medially before a lateral — — medially before a nasal — — — — medially before a voiceless — — finally Ø Ø bb lobby bh — — bs — — bv — — ç — — elsewhere — — c before e, i Versace initially and medially (elsewhere) Cao Zhi finally Ø medially before a voiced — — medially before a nasal — — cc before e, i Gucci *ch (old form and loanwords) Alborch quiche Bach ( surname) cch (in loanwords) Crecchio — — cht (in loanwords) yacht — — ck (in loanwords) hacker — — cks (in loanwords) snacks — — cs — — ct initially — — medially — — cz before e, i — — d initially and medially , Dalian finally Ø dd — — dg before e, i bridge elsewhere — — dh — — dj Django — — — — dm — — dn — — ds — — dv — — f medially before a voiced — — elsewhere — — ff (in loanwords) office fh — — g before e, i collage bagel initially and medially (elsewhere) , Gansu medially before a lateral — — medially and finally after i (see ig) finally Ø gg before e, i — — elsewhere gh (in loanwords) oghuz — — ght (in loanwords) light — — gm — — gn initially — — medially cognac gs — — — — h Ø j Jotti jota () Rijkov k (in loanwords) Ø knock-out kh (in loanwords) abkhaz kha ks (in loanwords) quarks — — l Ø ł (in loanwords) — — ll , , ballet allegro ŀl — — lh coolhunter Vielha lj Ljubljana m initially and finally , — — before f or v , () — — mm — — mn initially — — medially — — Mc (in loanwords) McCain — — mh — — n initially and finally , — — before f or v , () — — before a labial — — before a palatal , — — before a velar , — — nn sonne ng (in loanwords) — — nh skinhead caipirinha nj oranje nm — — ny — — ñ (in loanwords) El Niño — — p initially and finally , Ø before a voiced — — before a nasal — — pp hippy ph (in compounds and classical terms) () pholis pn initially — — medially — — ps initially — — medially — — pt initially — — medially q (see qu) Qinghai r initially — — medially after l, n, s — — medially (elsewhere) Ø finally Ø Ø rr — — rh initially — — medially s initially Saarland () medially next to a after a nasal most cases between two vowels finally , ss — — sc before e, i crescendo elsewhere -scs — — sch (in loanwords) scherzo — — jiddisch — — sh (in compounds and loanwords) sushi flashback -st -sts sx — — sz (in loanwords) Szolnok — — Tomasz — — szcz (in loanwords) Szczecin — — t initially and medially — — finally Ø tt tb (in loanwords) — — tg before e, i — — th (in compounds and loanwords) theta The Times apartheid ti National Mall () tj — — tl — tll — tm initially — — medially tn tch (in loanwords) sketch — — tsch (in loanwords) kitsch — — ts initially — — medially and finally , — — tx — — tz hertz — — tzsch (in loanwords) — — v initially and medially von () finally Kíev w (in loanwords) western watt Bukowski wh (in loanwords) whisky The Who x initially next to a voiceless — — medially (elsewhere) medially and finally after i (see ix) mix — — finally — — xc before e, i — — elsewhere — — xh — — xs — — -xt — — -xts — — y (in loanwords, except the digraph ny) — — bypass yy (in loanwords) Hudaybiyya — — z most cases scherzo Zemin finally López zz (in loanwords) mezzo jacuzzi pizza jazz zh (in loanwords) alzhèimer Zhou Vowels and combinations of vowel letters Spelling Main values (IPA) Examples Other values (IPA) Examples (IEC) (AVL) (IEC) (AVL) a, à, â stressed position , , () lady yacht unstressed position , allegretto , () Ø Quartet () unstressed position (in contact with rhotics) Ø Square ä (in loanwords) Händel — — aa stressed position — — unstressed position — — ae stressed position (open) — — stressed position (closed) — — unstressed position reggae Michael taekwondo aé — — ai stressed position affaire container unstressed position — — aï stressed position — — unstressed position — — aí — — ao — — — — aó — — au stressed position Foucault unstressed position Faubourg aü stressed position fräulein unstressed position — — aú — — e, é, è stressed position (open/closed) , /, stressed position (closed/open) , stressed position (closed) — — reggae unstressed position , ídem reality Ø fanzines unstressed position (in contact with rhotics) Ø — — ea stressed position beat spread Sean unstressed position bearnesa eà — — eau (in loanwords) — — ee stressed position jeep — — unstressed position — — — — ei stressed position (open/closed) stressed position (closed/open) unstressed position — — stressed position (in loanwords) eingang — — eï stressed position — — unstressed position — — èi — — eo stressed position (open) — — stressed position (closed) — — unstressed position eò — — eu stressed position (open) Bayreuth stressed position (closed) amateur unstressed position — — eü — — i, í, ï stressed position , copyright Rodin, birdie unstressed position Ø business after vowels (hiatus) — — after vowels (unstressed position) — — ia stressed position — — unstressed position — — ie stressed position () briefing unstressed position — — ii — — iï — — io stressed position (open) — — stressed position (closed) — — unstressed position — — iu — — o, ó, ò stressed position (open) , — — stressed position (closed) , pincode Guangdong unstressed position ego Ogariov oa stressed position coach snowboard unstressed position oe stressed position (open/closed) — — stressed position (closed) — — unstressed position — — oi stressed position (open) foie stressed position (closed) — — — unstressed position croissant oï — — oo zoom — — ou stressed position (open) cloud final four stressed position (closed) () tour ouija unstressed position — — u, ú, ü stressed position , business déjà vu, Müller punk duty-free return after vowels (hiatus) — — after vowels (unstressed position) — — ua stressed position — — unstressed position — — ue stressed position (open) blues fondue stressed position (open/closed) — — unstressed position — — ui ( ) Anhui uï — — uo stressed position (open) — — stressed position (closed) — — unstressed position — uu — — Combinations of vowel and consonant letters Spelling Main values (IPA) Examples Other values (IPA) Examples (IEC) (AVL) (IEC) (AVL aha Kalahari ahà — — ahe — — — — ahi — — — — ahí — — aho navaho — — ahò — — ahu — — aw (in loanwords) Law — — ay (old form and loanwords) Quai d'Orsay — — ci (in loanwords) ciao — — cci (in loanwords) carpaccio — — cqu (in loanwords) jacquard — — dqu before e, i — — eha — — ehe — — — — ehi — — — — ehí — — eho — — ehu — — ew (in loanwords) newton crew ey (old form and loanwords) bogey gi (in loanwords) adagio — — ggi (in loanwords) appoggiatura — — gu before a, o — — before a — — before e, i — — gü — — iha jihad ihe — — — — ihè — — ihi — — ihí — — iho — — ihu marihuana ig finally — — — — before a vowel or voiced — — — — igs — — — — ix finally — — — — before a vowel or voiced — — — — ïx finally — — before a vowel or voiced — — le (in loanwords) paddle surf — — oha — — ohà — — ohe — — ohè — — ohi — — ohí — — oho — — — — ohò — — ohu — — ow (in loanwords) flow — — cowboy — — oy (old form and loanwords) Roy Troyes qu before a, o — — before e, i — — qü — —
Notes
References
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