The Valle de Guadalupe (Guadalupe Valley) is an agricultural region in the Ensenada Municipality, Baja California, Mexico that produces an estimated 70 percent of Mexican wine. In recent years, it has become a popular tourist destination for wine and Baja Med cuisine.
The Valle de Guadalupe is located north of the City of Ensenada and southeast of the border crossing from San Diego to Tijuana. Its administrative units are Ejido El Porvenir, Francisco Zarco, San Antonio de las Minas, and Colonia Articulo 115. The valley had a population of 5,859 according to the 2010 census.
Landscape and Climate The Valle de Guadalupe, approximately , is rimmed with granite hills. The Guadalupe Arroyo (River) runs beneath a smooth valley floor, resulting in sandy but fertile soil. Water appears on the surface only during periods of heavy rain. In January 1862, the river rose so high that "it looked like an ocean," according to one early resident.
The valley slopes gently from northeast to southwest with an average elevation of above sea level. The margins of the plain are composed of alluvial fans and colluvium of reddish soil from the surrounding hillsides. Chaparral grows along the rocky slopes and live oak trees can be found in humid narrow canyons. Agave and cactus grow throughout the region, while small groves of pine trees can be found on the highest hills.
The valley has a Mediterranean climate with cool rainy winters and dry warm summers. The temperature, moderated by ocean breezes, averages in winter and in the summer.
Economy The Valle de Guadalupe is unusual in Mexico for its ability to grow grapes for wine making, with the result that vinifera grapes are the highest value crop. The mild climate means that vintners grow a wide range of grapes, from Malbec and Sauvignon Blanc to Tempranillo. Red Bordeaux varietals are most typical. Grapes are also grown in the San Antonio, Santo Tomás, and San Vincente valleys. Other crops include olive and orange trees, European vegetables, organic horticulture-herbs, fruit, and honey. Cattle continue to graze in the valley. Both Valle de Guadalupe and Ensenada rely on groundwater pumping from the Guadalupe Valley Aquifer for their water supply.
The number of wineries in the area expanded from 6 in 1999 to 25 in 2005, among them big volume producers like L.A. Cetto, Santo Tomás, and Domecq. By 2023, the valley boasted 150 wineries, 92 hotels and boutiques, and 12 taco stands.
Tourism focused on the theme of wine and Baja Med cuisine is a source of economic growth, bringing in an estimated US$180 million in annual revenue to Baja California. This has led to the development of festivals such as the Valle de Guadalupe Vendimia Wine Harvest Festival. There has also been significant real estate development. It is estimated that 18 percent of the agricultural and wine region in the valley was lost to urban development between 2014 and 2019.
History Kumeyaay and Kiliwa Archaeological research suggests that the valley is part of the San Dieguito complex and has been occupied for the last 7,000 to 10,000 years. The Kumeyaay (Kumiai) named the area Ojá cuñurr (painted cave) after a large, overhanging granite boulder inscribed with colored pictographs, likely the site of large ceremonial gatherings.
Kumeyaay and Kiliwa lived in rancherías in the valley, the largest of which was Rincón de los Encinos. A grove of Coast Live Oaks (Quercus agrifolia) defines the location of the settlement. In 1885, there were more than 330 indigenous people living in the valley. By the 1920s, geographer Peveril Meigs found only half a dozen Indian families at San José, Agua Escondida, Rincón de los Encinos, and San Antonio de Nicuárr. Kumeyaay continue to live at San Antonio Necua and other sites in the region.
Misión Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Norte The valley was the site of the last Dominican mission in Baja California, established in 1834 after the Mexican War of Independence. Misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Norte was founded by the Dominican missionary Father Félix Caballero to serve as the administrative center of the region. The mission, together with neighboring missions at El Descanso, San Miguel, and Santa Catarina, were excluded from the Mexican secularization act of 1833 until such time as the current missionaries either retired or died.
Misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe was built in a quadrangle. It had a church with a choir and two altars and a residence for the minister and provincial vicar. Colonists who accompanied Father Caballero lived in a ranch house located west of the mission, a structure that still exists, albeit in poor condition. Nearly 5,000 head of cattle grazed in pasturelands along the river, and the soil supported the cultivation of wheat, vegetables, grape vines, and fruit trees.
This mission survived only until 1840, however, when Jatñil, captain of the Cañon de Nejí, who had previously provided support to the missions, led a rebellion in response to forced conversions of his people. Caballero abandoned this mission together with three others in his charge and died soon afterwards in Loreto.Miguel León Portilla, La California Mexicana: Ensayos Acerca de Su Historia (Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC), 1995), , p. 240Robert H. Jackson, From Savages to Subjects: Missions in the History of the American Southwest (M. E. Sharpe, 2000), , p. 74
La Frontera In the 1840s, the Mexican government opened ex-mission lands to colonization by private individuals, a decision opposed by the Spanish-born Dominican priest Father Gabriel González, among others. Rancho ex-Misión de Guadalupe was granted to Juan Bandini, a Peruvian-born Californio, in a move of dubious legality.
During the U.S.-Mexico War, José Matías Moreno II, secretary of state to Alta California Governor Pío Pico, raised a company of guerrilla soldiers in the area to combat U.S. forces in Baja California. He was arrested after the Skirmish of Todos Santos along with Father Gabriel González and many other prominent Mexican leaders. All were sent to Mazatlán where they remained prisoners until the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
In 1858, in the wake of a Gold Rush in Baja California the Mexican government sold what it described as terrines baldíos or "unoccupied" lands in the Valle de Guadalupe. Ignoring the rights of indigenous people who lived in rancherías in the area, the government divided the valley into several large ranches: Ex-Misión de Guadalupe (), San Marcos or Huecos y Baldíos (), Santa Cruz (), San Antonio (), and El Tigre ().
In 1861, José Matías Moreno II returned to the valley as subjefe político de La Frontera (deputy military chief) commissioned to protect the interests of the Mexican government. He and a garrison of troops made their headquarters at Rancho ex-Misíon de Guadalupe where they worked to undermine filibusters, or unauthorized military expeditions that aimed to capture and annex Lower California. He enforced a 1853 law prohibiting foreigners from owning land within 60 miles of the border, among them Juan Bandini who had supported the North Americans during the U.S.-Mexico War and was considered a traitor by the Mexican government.
Moreno's loyalty to the Mexican government made it possible for him to purchase Bandini's former ranchos. In 1863, Moreno secured a clear title to Rancho ex-Misíon de Guadalupe which included a ruined adobe house, 2,000 grape vines in poor condition, an orchard, and farmland. He and his wife Prudenciana Vallejo López de Moreno proceeded to develop a working ranch. They used the adobe house formerly occupied by the ex-mission's colonists as their home.
Land Speculation and Foreign Investment In the 1870s and 1880s, land speculation in California reached a fevered pitch, spurred by the arrival of the transcontinental railroad. Real estate interests anticipated that railroad lines would spread across California and Baja California, bringing people, large-scale agricultural production, and industry.
The policies of Porfirio Díaz, president of Mexico from 1877 to 1911, encouraged foreign investment. North American, British, and French capitalists looked to develop the entire northern half of the peninsula, most notably the International Company of Mexico, headquartered in Hartford, Connecticut (later the London-based Mexican Land & Colonization Company). Steamships traveled between San Diego and Ensenada, making possible the development of a port and related industries.
In the Valle de Guadalupe, a pair of enterprising brothers, George A. Flower and Theron A. Flower, worked to get hold of the Rancho ex-Misión de Guadalupe after the death of Jose Matías Moreno. George, age 39, courted and married the Morenos' 16-year-old daughter Dolores in 1871. Theron A. Flower, meanwhile, loaned the estate $7,000, and tried to foreclose when the family could not meet its obligations. After a lengthy lawsuit initiated by José Matías Moreno III, Theron Flower purchased the Rancho ex-Misión de Guadalupe for $15,000 in 1887. The Morenos retained Rancho San Marcos and El Tigre, among other properties, until 1943 when the last of the ranch lands were sold. Lucina Flower Moreno de Barré was one of the last family members to live on the estate.
In the 1890s, the real estate bubble burst, causing development to stall. For a time, the valley remained an agricultural region adjacent to the city of Ensenada which had become integrated into the economy of Southern California.
Russian Colony Rancho ex-Misión de Guadalupe changed hands several times before being sold in 1905 to a colony of Russian Molokans, religious dissenters who fled persecution in their own country. A mixture of Spiritual Christian faiths, mostly Pryguny, the colonists formed the Russian Colonizing Enterprise of Lower California Cooperative Society, and settled in four farming colonies near Ensenada. The main colony at Guadalupe occupied approximately . Not all were ethnic Russians, and some were of various folk-Protestant (non-Orthodox) faiths with some Molokane from Transcaucasia, South Russia.
Between 1905 and 1911, approximately 104 families moved to Guadalupe and built a village in a linear settlement. The adobe houses were whitewashed in the manner of the Mexican adobe, but the roofs were shingled and steeply pitched in the Russian style. Molokans worshipped in a simple building without icons or statues and stressed sobriety, pacifism, and communalism.
In 1928, wheat was the only market crop produced by the Russian colony, but residents had orchards, vegetable gardens, and vineyards.
The Mexican Revolution and Land Reform The Magonista rebellion of 1911, an early uprising of the Mexican Revolution, caused the first wave of Russian emigration out of the valley. The second major exodus took place after the Mexican government began to redistribute large tracts of private property as communal land. The ejido system was presented as an important component of land reform in Mexico. In 1937, the government reapportioned adjoining the Molokan colony to 58 ejidatários. This settlement became known as the ejido El Porvenir ("things to come").
In the late 1950s, the opening of Mexico Highway 3 (the Tecate-Ensenada Highway) brought squatters, or paracaidistas, who claimed portions of the valley as their own. They formed the poblado Francisco Zarco around the site of the old mission and engaged in acts of civil disobedience designed to drive both Russian and Mexican owners from their lands. By the early 1990s, there was only one family of rusus puros, or pure Russians, living in the valley. Some descendants of the original colony married into Ensenada families, however, and remain in the area.
Vineyards and Wineries