The Police (, ) is the national civilian police service of Poland. It is the country’s primary law enforcement agency, responsible for public security and order as well as the prevention and investigation of crime. It operates under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration.
Polish Police is headed by the Commander-in-Chief of Police, subordinate to the Minister of the Interior and Administration. The Police is supported by municipal forces of city guards, having less legal authority and with jurisdiction only over prosecuting contraventions.
Terminology
The force's name, Policja, translates into the English language as Police.
An individual officer is typically called a (plural ); these are not, however, official titles and are not included in the official rank structure, they are simply terms used to refer to any police officer regardless of the rank they may hold. A police station is known as or both of which translate more or less into English as Police Commissariat. Female officers may be referred to as , the singular of which is .
On the whole, officers' individual ranks are not used by the general public and thus when addressing an officer, it is common to hear the term (female - ), Polish for mister/miss used to refer to police officers. On occasion, this may or may not be followed by the terms or .
History
In 1919, with the re-independence of the Polish nation, the state reorganised itself along non-federalist lines and established a centralised form of government. Under the auspices of the new government and with assistance from a British mission of soldiers and police officers led by Brigadier-General Gordon Macready,'Inspector Fisher - Given Charge of Deptford Police Station', Norwood News, 29 May 1923, page 9 a new national police force was formed; this State PoliceHistory of State Police 1919-1939 (Polish) then existed as the primary law enforcement agency for the entire nation up until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. During the inter-war period, a number of key law enforcement duties were delegated to other formations, such as the Border Guard and Military Gendarmerie.History of Polish Gendarmerie
With the end of World War II and the onset of the communist period, the new Soviet backed government decided to radically change the structure of policing in Poland; the state 'Policja' was renamed as the 'Milicja Obywatelska' (Citizen's Militia), a name which was meant to reflect a change in the role of the police, from an instrument of oppression ensuring the position of the bourgeoisie, to a force composed of, and at the service of 'normal citizens'. Ironically the reality turned out to be largely the opposite and the Milicja instead represented a rather state-controlled force which was used to exert political repression on the citizens. The Milicja was, for the most part, detested by the general populace; events such as the police's conduct during the Gdańsk Shipyard Strike and surrounding the Popiełuszko affair, only worsened the people's view of their law enforcement agencies.
After the fall of the communist government in Poland, the system was reformed once again, this time reviving the pre-war name of 'Policja' and albeit with a few minor changes, the general system of law-enforcement of the Second Republic.
Equipment
Today, most common types include various models from Kia (Cee'd model - ca. 4000 in use) Škoda (mainly Octavia), Alfa Romeo, Ford Mondeo, Opel (mainly Opel Astra), Volkswagen, and Toyota, as of 2011 the FSO Polonez (manufactured in Poland) is no longer in use. The Polish police force has, since joining the European Union, been undergoing a thorough restructuring and has in the process acquired a large number of new vehicles; as of 2011 this process is still ongoing and new vehicles are constantly being procured in order to replace ageing old patrol cars as their service lives come to an end. In addition to standard sedan and hatchback model vehicles, the Policja has been investing significant amounts of money in developing their ability to respond to any incident no matter where it may be, this has in turn led to the purchase of a large number of all-terrain 4x4 vehicles and multi-purpose vans and trucks. This expansion in capabilities was a stated requirement of the police force's restructuring program.
Beginning in 2009, the painting scheme is being modified to a silver body design with blue reflective strip, similar to modern German police cars.
Traditionally, vehicles were painted a dark blue color with side doors painted in white, and with white stripes and the word "POLICJA" on both sides. Earlier versions (used at the beginning of the 1990s) had a thinner stripe with the word "POLICJA" written under it. This design was adopted from the paint scheme used by the communist milicja. Some formerly used vehicles even had visible traces of the word "POLICJA" being corrected from "MILICJA", with the first two letters in a different shade of white, on a patch of a different shade of blue.
All uniformed and most non-uniformed officers of the state police are routinely armed. In addition to their firearm, Policja officers carry handcuffs and a number of other pieces of equipment which usually includes a personal radio system for communication with other officers and their police station. Pepper spray is also commonly issued to officers in order to provide them with a non-lethal alternative weapon with which to incapacitate violent suspects.
Riot police, when needs be, are provided with non-ballistic body armour, helmets and shields. Less-lethal weaponry is also used by riot-control units such as shotguns with rubber bullets, tear gas canisters or water cannons. Sometimes they also deploy LRAD units. The strict control of civilian firearms ownership in Poland, only recently liberalized, has significantly aided the police in keeping gun crime to a minimum, and thus the incidence of police firearms use is low.
Firearms
Name Country of origin Type NotesGwardRevolverVirtually phased out Walther P99 AS Semi-automatic pistol Manufactured in Poland in Łucznik Arms Factory under licenseKolejne P99 dla Policji (More P99 for Police). altair.com.pl, 17 June 2013.Kolejne P99 dla Policji. altair.com.pl, 18 May 2015 Glock 17, 19 and 26 variants in use CZ-75 75, 75B and 85 variants in limited use FB P-64 Continued usage dubious FB P-83 Wanad Continued usage dubious Beretta APX Arex Rex Zero 1CP Manufacturing shared between Arex in Šentjernej, Slovenia and Works 11 in Katowice, Poland Taurus Virtually phased out FB Glauberyt Submachine gun PM-84 and PM-98 in use Heckler & Koch MP5 A3, A5, K-PDW and SD6 variants in limited use Heckler & Koch UMP 9mm variant, in limited use IMI Uzi In limited use FN P90 In limited use PM-63 RAK Virtually phased out MPT-76 Battle rifle Mossberg 500 Shotgun Hatsan Escort Fabarm SDASS Tactical Limited use of Short Imperator Remington Model 870 MCS variants in limited use Bock IŻ 27 Limited use Benelli M1 Benelli M3 Mossberg Model 695 Hunt Group Super-XS AKM Assault rifle AK, AKM and AKMS variants in use Heckler & Koch G36 C and K variants in use, standard issue for counter-terrorism units Heckler & Koch HK416 A5 variant in use, limited issue for counter-terrorism units Haenel MK 556 Heckler & Koch HK417 Battle rifle A2 variant in use, limited issue for counter-terrorism units SVD rifle Designated marksman rifle Sako TRG TRG-21, TRG-22 and TRG-42 variants in use PK machine gun Machine gun Used by officers assigned to the EULEX Intervention Group in Kosovo and by the BOA counter-terrorist unit following the 2003 Magdalenka gunfight; PKM, PKMN, PKMS, PKMSN variants in use RWGŁ-3 Non-lethal rifle grenade launcher RWGŁ-1 Brügger & Thomet GL-06 Grenade launcher Heckler & Koch HK69A1 RGP-40 Rheinmetall-NICO Sound and Flash Grenade Stun grenade Centanex Distraction Grenade 1-bang and 6-bang models Zeveta grenade Stun grenade (Both P1 and P2)Tear gas grenade (P2 only)
Current patrol fleet The below list is not intended to be a full list of all the vehicles used by the Polish Police, instead it lists the most commonly used vehicles.
Patrol cars ImageNameCountryNumberNote Patrol cars Alfa Romeo 159 120 Marked BMW 320i Marked As of 1 January 2018; Kia (Cee’d, Venga) - 5 732 vehicles Opel (Astra, Vectra, Corsa, Insignia, Mokka) – 2 785 Škoda (Octavia, Fabia, Superb, Rapid) – 968 Hyundai (i30, i20, Elantra) – 589
Vans As of 1 January 2018; Fiat (Ducato) – 1 899 vehicles VW (Transporter, Crafter, Multivan, Caddy) – 596 vehicles Mercedes (Sprinter, Vito, Viano) – 637 vehicles Renault (Traffic, Master, Kangoo) – 506 vehicles Opel (Movano, Vivaro) – 236 vehicles
Buses Autosan Iveco Motorcycles Yamaha FJR1300 Honda CB250 BMW K1200S BMW F800ST Triumph Tiger 1050 Honda CBF1000A Off-road vehicles As of 1 January 2018; Nissan (Pathfinder, Terrano, Patrol, X-Trail, Navara) – 204 vehicles Kia (Sorento, Sportage) – 144 vehicles Land Rover (Defender, Freelander) – 89 vehicles Mitsubishi (L200, Pajero) – 126 vehicles Toyota (Hilux, Land Cruiser, Rav) – 48 vehicles
Aircraft
The Policja currently has a total of 13 helicopters at its disposal, these are based in:
Kraków - 1 x PZL W-3 Sokół Szczecin - 1 x PZL W-3 Sokół Warsaw - 2 x Mil Mi-8, 2 x Bell 407, 1 x Bell 412,http://www.policja.pl/portal/pol/1/73453/Nowy_smiglowiec_w_sluzbie_Policji.html (Polish) 3 x Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk S-70i variant. Łódź - 1 x Bell 206http://lodz.gazeta.pl/lodz/1,35153,10384030,Zobacz_nowy_smiglowiec_lodzkiej_policji__ZDJECIA_.html (Polish) Poznań - 1 x Bell 407 Wrocław - 1 x Bell 206
In addition to the airborne and land-based patrol units of the Policja, many regional commands, and especially those based near the coast or through which major waterways flow, have maritime units. The largest of police maritime units are currently found on the Vistula river in Warsaw (under the command of the Capital Police) and the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship where there is a large network of lakes and rivers. In coastal areas, maritime law enforcement cooperation also exists between the Policja and the Polish Border Guard.
Polish Police aircraft fleet list on official website
General commander of the Policja The Policja's general commander is the senior-most officer of the Polish police. The rank of the general commander (usually General Inspector) is considered to be equivalent to that of a ranking general in the Polish military and both general inspektors and chief inspectors (who are also considered Police 'Generals') are entitled to wear embroidered white eagles, the state symbol, on their uniform lapels.
The commander’s apparatus is the National Police Headquarters based in Warsaw's Puławska Street. It is from here that the day-to-day administration and organisation of the Polish police's activities is coordinated. The headquarters is considered to have jurisdictional supremacy over all its other units, and subordinate commanders are responsible to the general commander in their capacity as his regional 'executives'.
The position has existed in a number of guises throughout the existence of the Polish police, and whilst the current office came into being following Poland's transformation into a liberal democracy in 1990, the same rank was also used for the highest-ranking officer of the State Police of the Second Republic during the inter-war years. Nowadays, holders of this office are considered to be successors to the commanders of the inter-war state police; commanding officers of the communist-era Milicja Obywatelska (Citizens' Militia) however, are not considered successors of the original cadre of Policja generals as they exercised authority over an organisation often utilised by the state as an instrument of political oppression.