This is a list of the lists of fungal taxa as recorded from South Africa. Names given are as provided by the source, but authorities and dates should be aligned with current practice where feasible. Currently accepted names have been appended where the listed name is out of date.
A fungus (plural: fungi, , or . The first two pronunciations are favored more in the US and the others in the UK, however all pronunciations can be heard in any English-speaking country. or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, those being Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista.
A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), which share a common ancestor (from a monophyletic group), an interpretation that is also strongly supported by molecular phylogenetics. This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similar myxomycetes (slime molds) and oomycetes (water molds). The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology (from the Greek μύκης , mushroom). In the past, mycology was regarded as a branch of botany, although it is now known fungi are genetically more closely related to animals than to plants.
Abundant worldwide, most fungi are inconspicuous because of the small size of their structures, and their cryptic lifestyles in soil or on dead matter. Fungi include symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi and also parasites. They may become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or as molds. Fungi perform an essential role in the decomposition of organic matter and have fundamental roles in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment. They have long been used as a direct source of human food, in the form of mushrooms and truffles; as a leavening agent for bread; and in the fermentation of various food products, such as wine, beer, and soy sauce. Since the 1940s, fungi have been used for the production of antibiotics, and, more recently, various enzymes produced by fungi are used industrially and in detergents. Fungi are also used as biological pesticides to control weeds, plant diseases and insect pests. Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids and polyketides, that are toxic to animals including humans. The fruiting structures of a few species contain psychotropic compounds and are consumed recreationally or in traditional spiritual ceremonies. Fungi can break down manufactured materials and buildings, and become significant pathogens of humans and other animals. Losses of crops due to fungal diseases (e.g., rice blast disease) or food spoilage can have a large impact on human food supplies and local economies.
The fungus kingdom encompasses an enormous diversity of taxa with varied ecologies, life cycle strategies, and morphologies ranging from unicellular aquatic chytrids to large mushrooms. However, little is known of the true biodiversity of Kingdom Fungi, which has been estimated at 2.2 million to 3.8 million species. Of these, only about 148,000 have been described, with over 8,000 species known to be detrimental to plants and at least 300 that can be pathogenic to humans. Ever since the pioneering 18th and 19th century taxonomical works of Carl Linnaeus, Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, and Elias Magnus Fries, fungi have been classified according to their morphology (e.g., characteristics such as spore color or microscopic features) or physiology. Advances in molecular genetics have opened the way for DNA analysis to be incorporated into taxonomy, which has sometimes challenged the historical groupings based on morphology and other traits. Phylogenetic studies published in the first decade of the 21st century have helped reshape the classification within Kingdom Fungi, which is divided into one subkingdom, seven phyla, and ten subphyla.
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K Genus: Kalchbrennera Berk. 1876, accepted as Lysurus Fr., (1823) Kalchbrennera corallocephala (Welw. & Curr.) Kalchbr. 1880 accepted as Lysurus corallocephalus Welw. & Curr., (1868) Kalchbrennera tuckii Berk. 1876 Kalchbrennera tuckii var. microcephala Pole Evans*
Genus: Kloeckerospora* Kloeckerospora uvarum Niehaus*
Genus: Kretzschmaria Fr. 1849 Kretzschmaria cetrarioides (Welw. & Curr.) Sacc. 1883 Kretzschmaria knysnana Van der Byl 1932 Kretzschmaria micropus (Fr.) Sacc. 1882
Genus: Kuehneola Magnus 1898 Kuehneola albida (J.G.Kühn) Magnus (1898), accepted as Kuehneola uredinis (Link) Arthur (1906) Kuehneola fici (Castagne) E.J. Butler 1914 accepted as Cerotelium fici (Castagne) Arthur, (1917) Kuehneola uredinis (Link) Arthur (1906) recorded as Kuehneola albida (J.G.Kühn) Magnus (1898),
Genus: Kupsura Lloyd 1924, accepted as Lysurus Fr., (1823) Kupsura sphaerocephala Lloyd 1924
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M
N Genus: Naemacyclus Fuckel 1874 Naemacyclus niveus (Pers.) Fuckel ex Sacc. 1884 accepted as Cyclaneusma niveum (Pers.) DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter, (1983)
Genus: Naevia Fr. 1824, accepted as Arthonia Ach., (1806) Naevia rotundata Vain. 1901
Genus: Naucoria (Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871), accepted as Alnicola Kühner (1926) Naucoria arenicola (Berk.) Sacc. 1887 accepted as Agrocybe pediades (Fr.) Fayod, (1889) Naucoria arvalis Quel. possibly (Fr.) Sacc. 1887, accepted as Agrocybe arvalis (Fr.) Singer, (1936) Naucoria furfuracea Quel. possibly (Pers.) P. Kumm. 1871, accepted as Tubaria furfuracea (Pers.) Gillet, Naucoria pediades Quel. possibly (Fr.) P. Kumm. 1871, accepted as Agrocybe pediades (Fr.) Fayod, (1889) Naucoria pediades var. obscuripes Fayod 1890 accepted as Agrocybe pediades (Fr.) Fayod, (1889) Naucoria pygmaea (Bull.) Gillet 1876 accepted as Psathyrella pygmaea (Bull.) Singer, (1951) Naucoria russa (Cooke & Massee) Sacc. 1887 Naucoria scolecina (Fr.) Quél. 1875 Naucoria semiorbicularis (Bull.) Quél. 1875 accepted as Agrocybe pediades (Fr.) Fayod, (1889) Naucoria undulosa (Fr.) Sacc. 1887
Genus: Nectria (Fr.) Fr. 1849 Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. 1849 Nectria coccinea (Pers.) Fr. 1849 Nectria coccophila (Tul. & C. Tul.) Wollenw. & Reinking 1935 accepted as Cosmospora flammea (Berk. & Ravenel) Rossman & Samuels, (1999) Nectria ditissima Tul. & C. Tul. (1865), accepted as Neonectria ditissima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman (2006) Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fr. 1849, accepted as Dialonectria episphaeria (Tode) Cooke [as episphærica], (1884) Nectria eximia Kalchbr. & Cooke 1880 Nectria furfuracea Kalchbr. & Cooke 1880 Nectria galligena Bres. 1901 [as gallingena] accepted as Neonectria ditissima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman, (2006) Nectria heterosperma Kalchbr. & Cooke 1880 Nectria leocarpoides Kalchbr. & Cooke 1880 Nectria martialis Kalchbr. & Cooke 1880 Nectria meliolopsidicola Henn. 1895 [as mellopsicola] accepted as Cosmospora meliolopsidicola (Henn.) Rossman & Samuels [as 'meliopsicola'], (1999) Nectria perpusilla Sacc. 1913, Nom. illegit. Nectria peziza (Tode) Fr. 1849 Nectria sp.
Family:Nectrioidaceae Sacc. 1884
Genus: Nematospora Peglion 1897 Nematospora coryli Peglion, 1901, accepted as Eremothecium coryli Kurtzman, 1995 Nematospora gossypii Ashby & Nowell (1926), accepted as Eremothecium gossypii Kurtzman, 1995
Genus: Nematostigma Syd. & P. Syd. 1913 Nematostigma obducens Syd. & P. Syd. 1913,
Genus: Neobarclaya Kuntze 1898 Neobarclaya congesta (Berk. & Broome) Petch 1924 accepted as Deshpandiella jambolana (T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram) Kamat & Ullasa, (1973) Neobarclaya natalensis P. Syd. 1899 accepted as Deshpandiella jambolana (T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram) Kamat & Ullasa, (1973)
Genus: Neocosmospora E.F. Sm. 1899 accepted as Fusarium Link, (1809) Neocosmospora vasinfecta E.F. Sm. 1899 accepted as Fusarium neocosmosporiellum O'Donnell & Geiser, (2013) Neocosmospora vasinifecta var. tracheiphila E.F. Sm. 1899 accepted as Fusarium neocosmosporiellum O'Donnell & Geiser, (2013)
Genus: Neopeckia Sacc. 1883 Neopeckia caesalpiniae Doidge 1948 accepted as Herpotrichia caesalpiniae (Doidge) Sivan., (1972) Neopeckia rhodostoma Syd. & P. Syd. 1917
Genus: Nephroma Ach. 1809(Lichens) Nephroma africanum Gyeln. 1931 Nephroma capense A. Massal. 1861 Nephroma cellulosum (Sm.) Ach. 1810 Nephroma flavireagens Gyeln. 1931 Nephroma helveticum Ach. 1810 Nephroma laevigatum Ach. 1814 Nephroma resupinatum f. helveticum Rabenh. 1845 Nephroma tropicum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. 1925
Genus: Nephromium Nyl. 1860, accepted as Nephroma Ach., (1809) Nephromium helveticum (Ach.) Nyl. 1888 accepted as Nephroma helveticum Ach. [as helvetica], (1810) Nephromium tropicum Müll. Arg. 1883 Nephromium laevigatum (Ach.) Nyl. 1858 accepted as Nephroma laevigatum Ach. [as laevigata], (1814)
Genus: Nesolechia A. Massal. 1856 accepted as Phacopsis Tul., (1852) Nesolechia perforans (Stizenb.) Vouaux 1913;
Family: Nidulariaceae Dumort. 1822
Genus: Nidularia Fr. 1817 Nidularia dasypus (Nees) Fr. 1823
Genus: Nigrospora Zimm. 1902 Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch (1924), Nigrospora panici Zimm. 1902 Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason 1927 accepted as Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch (1924)
Genus: Niopsora A. Massal. 1861, accepted as Caloplaca Th. Fr., (1860) Niopsora ecklonii A. Massal. 1861
Genus: Niorma A. Massal. 1861 Niorma derelicta A. Massal. 1861
Genus: Nolanea (Fr.) P. Kumm. 1871 Nolanea casta (MacOwan) Sacc. 1887 accepted as Mycena casta (MacOwan) D.A. Reid, (1975) Nolanea leuciscus Kalchbr.*
Genus: Normandina Nyl. 1855 Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl. 1861
Genus: Nummularia Tul. & C. Tul. 1863 accepted as Biscogniauxia Kuntze, (1891) Nummularia clypeus (Schwein.) Cooke 1883 accepted as Biscogniauxia mediterranea (De Not.) Kuntze, (1891) Nummularia kalchbrenneri (Sacc.) J.H. Mill. 1942, accepted as Biscogniauxia kalchbrenneri (Sacc.) Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers, (1998) Nummularia lepida Syd. 1924 accepted as Biscogniauxia kalchbrenneri (Sacc.) Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers, (1998) Nummularia placenta Cooke accepted as Biscogniauxia kalchbrenneri (Sacc.) Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers, (1998) Nummularia punctulata (Berk. & Ravenel) Sacc. 1882 [as punctulatum] accepted as Camillea punctulata (Berk. & Ravenel) Læssøe, J.D. Rogers & Whalley, (1989) Nummularia suborbicularis (Welw. & Curr.) Sacc. 1882, [as suborbiculare] Nummularia uniapiculata Penz. & Sacc. [as uni-apiculata], (1898) accepted as Biscogniauxia uniapiculata (Penz. & Sacc.) Whalley & Læssøe, (1990)
O Oc Genus: Ocellularia G. Mey. 1825 (Lichens) Ocellularia capensis var. feracior Zahlbr. 1932 Ocellularia capensis var. leiothallina Zahlbr. 1932 Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg. 1882 Ocellularia diploschistoides Zahlbr. 1932 Ocellularia galactina Zahlbr. 1932 Ocellularia henatomma (Ach.) Müll. Arg. 1887
Genus: Ochrolechia A.Massal. (1852) (Lichens) Ochrolechia africana Vain. 1926 Ochrolechia africana Vain. 1926 Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Massal. 1853 Ochrolechia parella (L.) A. Massal. 1852
Genus: Octaviania Vittad. 1831 Octaviania africana Lloyd 1922 accepted as Neosecotium africanum (Lloyd) Singer & A.H. Sm., (1960) Octaviania carnea (Wallr.) Corda 1854 accepted as Hydnangium carneum Wallr., (1839) Octaviania flava G.H.Cunn. accepted as Stephanospora flava (Rodway) G.W. Beaton, Pegler & T.W.K. Young, (1985)
Od Genus: Odontia Pers. 1794