The 2023–24 Bhutanese National Assembly election was held in two rounds on 30 November 2023 and 9 January 2024 to elect the 47 members of the National Assembly, the lower house of the Parliament of Bhutan. It was the fourth National Assembly election held under Bhutan's 2008 Constitution. Four political parties contested the first round, with the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Bhutan Tendrel Party (BTP) qualifying for the second round after finishing first and second respectively. The ruling Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa (DNT), led by Prime Minister Lotay Tshering, finished third and failed to qualify for the second round, while the Bhutan Tendrel Party qualified for the second round in its electoral debut.
In the second round, the PDP received 54.98% of the vote and won 30 of the 47 seats, while the BTP received 45.02% and won the remaining 17 seats. PDP leader Tshering Tobgay returned to office as prime minister, having previously served from 2013 to 2018.
Background In the 2018 elections the previously unrepresented Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa (DNT) won a majority of seats, with their leader Lotay Tshering becoming prime minister.
During the 2018–2023 term the DNT won four by-elections, retaining the seat of Monggar and winning the seats of Chhoekhor-Tang, Nganglam and Khamdang-Ramjar from Druk Phuensum Tshogpa (DPT), the former two being DPT strongholds that the party had never lost before.
In 2022 and 2023 two new parties were registered to compete in the 2023 elections—Druk Thuendrel Tshogpa and Bhutan Tendrel Party.
In January 2023 the Bhutan Kuen-Nyam Party (BKP) deregistered itself following years of low activity and difficulty with funding and finding a new party president. The BKP had come fourth in the 2018 elections.
Electoral system The 47 members of the National Assembly are elected from single-member constituencies. Primary elections are held in which voters cast votes for candidates of the registered parties. The votes for all candidates of the same party are then aggregated across the whole of the country. The two parties receiving the most votes advance to the second round, and are able to field the same or different candidates. Second round elections are held using first-past-the-post voting.
Results As the top two finishers in the primary round, the People's Democratic Party and Bhutan Tendrel Party advanced to the second round, where they contested for the 47 National Assembly seats. For the first time since the initial elections for the chamber in 2008, the DPT failed to make it past the primary round, and both incumbent parliamentary parties failed to return to the chamber. Only two women were elected, the lowest number since the initial elections in 2008.
By constituency – first round