The Sustainable Development Goal 1 ( SDG 1 or Global Goal 1), one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015, calls for the end of poverty in all forms. The official wording is: "No Poverty".United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313) Member countries have pledged to "Leave No One Behind": underlying the goal is a "powerful commitment to leave no one behind and to reach those farthest behind first".United Nations Development Programme (2016), Leaving No One Behind: a Social Protection Primer for Practitioners, Foreword, accessed 30 September 2020
SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of extreme poverty including the lack of food, clean drinking water, and sanitation. Achieving this goal includes finding solutions to new threats caused by climate change and conflict. SDG 1 focuses not just on people living in poverty, but also on the services people rely on and social policy that either promotes or prevents poverty.
The goal has seven targets and 13 indicators to measure progress. The five outcome targets are: eradication of extreme poverty; reduction of all poverty by half; implementation of social protection systems; ensuring equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and economic resources; and the building of resilience to environmental, economic and social disasters. The two targets related to means of implementation Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License SDG 1 are mobilization of resources to end poverty; and the establishment of poverty eradication policy frameworks at all levels.Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 1) SDG-Tracker.org, website Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Despite the ongoing progress, 10 percent of the world's population live in poverty and struggle to meet basic needs such as health, education, and access to water and sanitation. Extreme poverty remains prevalent in low-income countries, particularly those affected by conflict and political upheaval. In 2015, more than half of the world's 736 million people living in extreme poverty lived in Sub-Saharan Africa. The rural poverty rate stands at 17.2 percent and 5.3 percent in urban areas (in 2016).
One of the key indicators that measure poverty is the proportion of population living below the international and national poverty line. Measuring the proportion of the population covered by social protection systems and living in households with access to basic services is also an indication of the level of poverty.
Background
In 2013, an estimated 385 million children lived on less than US$1.90 per day. These figures are unreliable due to huge gaps in data on the status of children worldwide.
Since 1990, countries around the world have taken various measures to reduce poverty and achieved remarkable results. The number of people living in extreme poverty decreased from 1.8 billion to 776 million in 2013. Still, people continue to live in poverty with the World Bank estimating that 40 million to 60 million people will fall into extreme poverty in 2020. Changes relative to higher poverty lines, not just extreme poverty, are also tracked.
The World Bank's 2024 analysis shows that 22 low-income countries, representing 7% of the global population, have experienced only a 0.26% annual GDP growth since the late 1980s.
Targets, indicators and progress
Poverty eradication is important for the reduction of inequalities that currently exist among people and for the socio-economic and political stability of countries left behind. The UN defined 7 Targets and 14 Indicators for SDGs 1. The main data source for SDGs 1 indicators (including maps) come from Our World in Data's SDGs Tracker. The targets cover a wide range of issues including the eradication of extreme poverty (target 1.1), reduction of poverty by half (1.2), implementation of social protection systems (1.3), ensuring equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and economic resources (1.4), building of resilience towards environmental, economic and social disasters (1.5), and mobilization of resources to end poverty (1.6).
Targets specify the goals while indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these targets are achieved. SDG 1 has two specific poverty reduction targets: eradicating extreme poverty (target 1.1) and reduce poverty by half by 2030 (target 1.2).
Five of the targets are to be reached by 2030, and two have no specified date.
Target 1.1: extreme poverty
The full text of Target 1.1 is: By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently defined as living on less than $3.00 per person per day at 2021 purchasing power parity.
Target 1.1 includes one indicator: Indicator 1.1.1 is the "Proportion of population living below the international poverty line aggregated by sex, age, employment status, and geographical location (urban/rural)".
Due to the increase in PPP by $0.85 ($3.00 from $2.15), it is estimated that almost 9.9 percent of the world's population (808 million people) would be living in extreme poverty. It represents an increase of 19.35% in the estimated number of extremely poor in comparison to the previous estimate of 677 million people.
A study published in September 2020 found that extreme poverty had increased by 7 percent in just a few months, after a steady decrease for the last 20 years.
Target 1.2: Reduce poverty by at least 50% The full text of Target 1.2 is: "By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions."
Indicators include: Indicator 1.2.1: Proportion of population living below the national poverty line. Indicator 1.2.2: Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions.
Target 1.3: Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems
The full text of Target 1.3 is: "Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable."
Indicator 1.3.1 is the "Proportion of population covered by social protection systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable".
Target 1.4: Equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology, and economic resources The full text of Target 1.4 is: "By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including micro-finance."
Its two indicators are: Indicator 1.4.1: Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services. Indicator 1.4.2: Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and type of tenure.
Target 1.5: Build resilience to environmental, economic, and social disasters
The full text of Target 1.5 is: "By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters."
It has four indicators: Indicator 1.5.1: Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters. Indicator 1.5.2: Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP). Indicator 1.5.3: Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. Indicator 1.5.4: Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies.
Target 1.a: Mobilization of resources to end poverty The text of Target 1.a is: "Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries particularly least developed countries."
It has three indicators: Indicator 1.a.1: Proportion of domestically generated resources allocated by the government directly to poverty reduction programmes. Indicator 1.a.2: Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection). Indicator 1.a.3: Sum of total grants and non-debt-creating inflows directly allocated to poverty reduction programmes as a proportion of GDP. A proposal has been tabled in 2020 to delete Target 1.a.
Target 1.b: Establishment of poverty eradication policy frameworks at all levels The full text of Target 1.b is: "Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions."
It has one indicator: Indicator 1.b.1 is the "Pro-poor public social spending".
Custodian agencies Custodian agencies are in charge of measuring the progress of the indicators:
For Indicator 1.1.1: World Bank (WB) and International Labor Organization (ILO) For Indicator 1.2.1: WB For Indicator 1.2.2: National Statistics Offices, WB, UNICEF and UNDP For Indicator 1.3.1: ILO and WB For Indicator 1.4.1: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) For Indicator 1.4.2: WB and UN-HABITAT collectively. For all four Indicators under Target 1.5: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) For Indicator 1.a.1: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) For Indicator 1.a.2: UNESCO-UIS For Indicator 1.b.1: UNICEF and Save the Children
Monitoring The UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) meets every year for global monitoring of the SDGs, under the auspices of the United Nations economic and Social Council. High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published by the United Nations Secretary General.United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General, High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020United Nations Economic and Social Council (2019) Special edition: progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, Report of the Secretary-General (E/2019/68), High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (8 May 2019)
Reception SDG1 and poverty eradication is a pressing goal for many. Recent public endorsements include the 2024 G20 Leaders' Summit held in Brazil officially launching an alliance aimed at accelerating the process of eradicating hunger and poverty and promoting Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 2. Pope Leo XIV has also endorsed SDG1, calling for urgent attention to the goal of eradicating of world poverty in his teaching on Christian love for the poor.
Receptions of SDG1 remain varied. With 2030 agenda targets falling short, critics say the goal lacks overall progress, an effective definition of poverty, political and financial specificity, and accurate target measurements.